[c#] How to read a PEM RSA private key from .NET

I've got an RSA private key in PEM format, is there a straight forward way to read that from .NET and instantiate an RSACryptoServiceProvider to decrypt data encrypted with the corresponding public key?

You might take a look at JavaScience's source for OpenSSLKey

There's code in there that does exactly what you want to do.

In fact, they have a lot of crypto source code available here.

Source code snippet:

//------- Parses binary ans.1 RSA private key; returns RSACryptoServiceProvider  ---
public static RSACryptoServiceProvider DecodeRSAPrivateKey(byte[] privkey)
{
        byte[] MODULUS, E, D, P, Q, DP, DQ, IQ ;

        // ---------  Set up stream to decode the asn.1 encoded RSA private key  ------
        MemoryStream  mem = new MemoryStream(privkey) ;
        BinaryReader binr = new BinaryReader(mem) ;    //wrap Memory Stream with BinaryReader for easy reading
        byte bt = 0;
        ushort twobytes = 0;
        int elems = 0;
        try {
                twobytes = binr.ReadUInt16();
                if (twobytes == 0x8130) //data read as little endian order (actual data order for Sequence is 30 81)
                        binr.ReadByte();        //advance 1 byte
                else if (twobytes == 0x8230)
                        binr.ReadInt16();       //advance 2 bytes
                else
                        return null;

                twobytes = binr.ReadUInt16();
                if (twobytes != 0x0102) //version number
                        return null;
                bt = binr.ReadByte();
                if (bt !=0x00)
                        return null;


                //------  all private key components are Integer sequences ----
                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                MODULUS = binr.ReadBytes(elems);

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                E = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                D = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                P = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                Q = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                DP = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                DQ = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                IQ = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                Console.WriteLine("showing components ..");
                if (verbose) {
                        showBytes("\nModulus", MODULUS) ;
                        showBytes("\nExponent", E);
                        showBytes("\nD", D);
                        showBytes("\nP", P);
                        showBytes("\nQ", Q);
                        showBytes("\nDP", DP);
                        showBytes("\nDQ", DQ);
                        showBytes("\nIQ", IQ);
                }

                // ------- create RSACryptoServiceProvider instance and initialize with public key -----
                RSACryptoServiceProvider RSA = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();
                RSAParameters RSAparams = new RSAParameters();
                RSAparams.Modulus =MODULUS;
                RSAparams.Exponent = E;
                RSAparams.D = D;
                RSAparams.P = P;
                RSAparams.Q = Q;
                RSAparams.DP = DP;
                RSAparams.DQ = DQ;
                RSAparams.InverseQ = IQ;
                RSA.ImportParameters(RSAparams);
                return RSA;
        }
        catch (Exception) {
                return null;
        }
        finally {
                binr.Close();
        }
}

The stuff between the

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY---- 

and

-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- 

is the base64 encoding of a PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo (unless it says RSA ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY in which case it is a EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo).

It is not that hard to decode manually, but otherwise your best bet is to P/Invoke to CryptImportPKCS8.

Update: The CryptImportPKCS8 function is no longer available for use as of Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista. Instead, use the PFXImportCertStore function.

ok, Im using mac to generate my self signed keys. Here is the working method I used.

I created a shell script to speed up my key generation.

genkey.sh

#/bin/sh

ssh-keygen -f host.key
openssl req -new -key host.key -out request.csr
openssl x509 -req -days 99999 -in request.csr -signkey host.key -out server.crt
openssl pkcs12 -export -inkey host.key -in server.crt -out private_public.p12 -name "SslCert"
openssl base64 -in private_public.p12 -out Base64.key

add the +x execute flag to the script

chmod +x genkey.sh

then call genkey.sh

./genkey.sh

I enter a password (important to include a password at least for the export at the end)

Enter pass phrase for host.key:
Enter Export Password:   {Important to enter a password here}
Verifying - Enter Export Password: { Same password here }

I then take everything in Base64.Key and put it into a string named sslKey

private string sslKey = "MIIJiAIBA...................................." +
                        "......................ETC...................." +
                        "......................ETC...................." +
                        "......................ETC...................." +
                        ".............ugICCAA=";

I then used a lazy load Property getter to get my X509 Cert with a private key.

X509Certificate2 _serverCertificate = null;
X509Certificate2 serverCertificate{
    get
    {
        if (_serverCertificate == null){
            string pass = "Your Export Password Here";
            _serverCertificate = new X509Certificate(Convert.FromBase64String(sslKey), pass, X509KeyStorageFlags.Exportable);
        }
        return _serverCertificate;
    }
}

I wanted to go this route because I am using .net 2.0 and Mono on mac and I wanted to use vanilla Framework code with no compiled libraries or dependencies.

My final use for this was the SslStream to secure TCP communication to my app

SslStream sslStream = new SslStream(serverCertificate, false, SslProtocols.Tls, true);

I hope this helps other people.

NOTE

Without a password I was unable to correctly unlock the private key for export.

Check http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd203099.aspx

under Cryptography Application Block.

Don't know if you will get your answer, but it's worth a try.

Edit after Comment.

Ok then check this code.

using System.Security.Cryptography;


public static string DecryptEncryptedData(stringBase64EncryptedData, stringPathToPrivateKeyFile) { 
    X509Certificate2 myCertificate; 
    try{ 
        myCertificate = new X509Certificate2(PathToPrivateKeyFile); 
    } catch{ 
        throw new CryptographicException("Unable to open key file."); 
    } 

    RSACryptoServiceProvider rsaObj; 
    if(myCertificate.HasPrivateKey) { 
         rsaObj = (RSACryptoServiceProvider)myCertificate.PrivateKey; 
    } else 
        throw new CryptographicException("Private key not contained within certificate."); 

    if(rsaObj == null) 
        return String.Empty; 

    byte[] decryptedBytes; 
    try{ 
        decryptedBytes = rsaObj.Decrypt(Convert.FromBase64String(Base64EncryptedData), false); 
    } catch { 
        throw new CryptographicException("Unable to decrypt data."); 
    } 

    //    Check to make sure we decrpyted the string 
   if(decryptedBytes.Length == 0) 
        return String.Empty; 
    else 
        return System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(decryptedBytes); 
} 

With respect to easily importing the RSA private key, without using 3rd party code such as BouncyCastle, I think the answer is "No, not with a PEM of the private key alone."

However, as alluded to above by Simone, you can simply combine the PEM of the private key (*.key) and the certificate file using that key (*.crt) into a *.pfx file which can then be easily imported.

To generate the PFX file from the command line:

openssl pkcs12 -in a.crt -inkey a.key -export -out a.pfx

Then use normally with the .NET certificate class such as:

using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;

X509Certificate2 combinedCertificate = new X509Certificate2(@"C:\path\to\file.pfx");

Now you can follow the example from MSDN for encrypting and decrypting via RSACryptoServiceProvider:

I left out that for decrypting you would need to import using the PFX password and the Exportable flag. (see: BouncyCastle RSAPrivateKey to .NET RSAPrivateKey)

X509KeyStorageFlags flags = X509KeyStorageFlags.Exportable;
X509Certificate2 cert = new X509Certificate2("my.pfx", "somepass", flags);

RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = (RSACryptoServiceProvider)cert.PrivateKey;
RSAParameters rsaParam = rsa.ExportParameters(true); 

ok, Im using mac to generate my self signed keys. Here is the working method I used.

I created a shell script to speed up my key generation.

genkey.sh

#/bin/sh

ssh-keygen -f host.key
openssl req -new -key host.key -out request.csr
openssl x509 -req -days 99999 -in request.csr -signkey host.key -out server.crt
openssl pkcs12 -export -inkey host.key -in server.crt -out private_public.p12 -name "SslCert"
openssl base64 -in private_public.p12 -out Base64.key

add the +x execute flag to the script

chmod +x genkey.sh

then call genkey.sh

./genkey.sh

I enter a password (important to include a password at least for the export at the end)

Enter pass phrase for host.key:
Enter Export Password:   {Important to enter a password here}
Verifying - Enter Export Password: { Same password here }

I then take everything in Base64.Key and put it into a string named sslKey

private string sslKey = "MIIJiAIBA...................................." +
                        "......................ETC...................." +
                        "......................ETC...................." +
                        "......................ETC...................." +
                        ".............ugICCAA=";

I then used a lazy load Property getter to get my X509 Cert with a private key.

X509Certificate2 _serverCertificate = null;
X509Certificate2 serverCertificate{
    get
    {
        if (_serverCertificate == null){
            string pass = "Your Export Password Here";
            _serverCertificate = new X509Certificate(Convert.FromBase64String(sslKey), pass, X509KeyStorageFlags.Exportable);
        }
        return _serverCertificate;
    }
}

I wanted to go this route because I am using .net 2.0 and Mono on mac and I wanted to use vanilla Framework code with no compiled libraries or dependencies.

My final use for this was the SslStream to secure TCP communication to my app

SslStream sslStream = new SslStream(serverCertificate, false, SslProtocols.Tls, true);

I hope this helps other people.

NOTE

Without a password I was unable to correctly unlock the private key for export.

You might take a look at JavaScience's source for OpenSSLKey

There's code in there that does exactly what you want to do.

In fact, they have a lot of crypto source code available here.

Source code snippet:

//------- Parses binary ans.1 RSA private key; returns RSACryptoServiceProvider  ---
public static RSACryptoServiceProvider DecodeRSAPrivateKey(byte[] privkey)
{
        byte[] MODULUS, E, D, P, Q, DP, DQ, IQ ;

        // ---------  Set up stream to decode the asn.1 encoded RSA private key  ------
        MemoryStream  mem = new MemoryStream(privkey) ;
        BinaryReader binr = new BinaryReader(mem) ;    //wrap Memory Stream with BinaryReader for easy reading
        byte bt = 0;
        ushort twobytes = 0;
        int elems = 0;
        try {
                twobytes = binr.ReadUInt16();
                if (twobytes == 0x8130) //data read as little endian order (actual data order for Sequence is 30 81)
                        binr.ReadByte();        //advance 1 byte
                else if (twobytes == 0x8230)
                        binr.ReadInt16();       //advance 2 bytes
                else
                        return null;

                twobytes = binr.ReadUInt16();
                if (twobytes != 0x0102) //version number
                        return null;
                bt = binr.ReadByte();
                if (bt !=0x00)
                        return null;


                //------  all private key components are Integer sequences ----
                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                MODULUS = binr.ReadBytes(elems);

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                E = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                D = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                P = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                Q = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                DP = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                DQ = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                IQ = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                Console.WriteLine("showing components ..");
                if (verbose) {
                        showBytes("\nModulus", MODULUS) ;
                        showBytes("\nExponent", E);
                        showBytes("\nD", D);
                        showBytes("\nP", P);
                        showBytes("\nQ", Q);
                        showBytes("\nDP", DP);
                        showBytes("\nDQ", DQ);
                        showBytes("\nIQ", IQ);
                }

                // ------- create RSACryptoServiceProvider instance and initialize with public key -----
                RSACryptoServiceProvider RSA = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();
                RSAParameters RSAparams = new RSAParameters();
                RSAparams.Modulus =MODULUS;
                RSAparams.Exponent = E;
                RSAparams.D = D;
                RSAparams.P = P;
                RSAparams.Q = Q;
                RSAparams.DP = DP;
                RSAparams.DQ = DQ;
                RSAparams.InverseQ = IQ;
                RSA.ImportParameters(RSAparams);
                return RSA;
        }
        catch (Exception) {
                return null;
        }
        finally {
                binr.Close();
        }
}

Check http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd203099.aspx

under Cryptography Application Block.

Don't know if you will get your answer, but it's worth a try.

Edit after Comment.

Ok then check this code.

using System.Security.Cryptography;


public static string DecryptEncryptedData(stringBase64EncryptedData, stringPathToPrivateKeyFile) { 
    X509Certificate2 myCertificate; 
    try{ 
        myCertificate = new X509Certificate2(PathToPrivateKeyFile); 
    } catch{ 
        throw new CryptographicException("Unable to open key file."); 
    } 

    RSACryptoServiceProvider rsaObj; 
    if(myCertificate.HasPrivateKey) { 
         rsaObj = (RSACryptoServiceProvider)myCertificate.PrivateKey; 
    } else 
        throw new CryptographicException("Private key not contained within certificate."); 

    if(rsaObj == null) 
        return String.Empty; 

    byte[] decryptedBytes; 
    try{ 
        decryptedBytes = rsaObj.Decrypt(Convert.FromBase64String(Base64EncryptedData), false); 
    } catch { 
        throw new CryptographicException("Unable to decrypt data."); 
    } 

    //    Check to make sure we decrpyted the string 
   if(decryptedBytes.Length == 0) 
        return String.Empty; 
    else 
        return System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(decryptedBytes); 
} 

You might take a look at JavaScience's source for OpenSSLKey

There's code in there that does exactly what you want to do.

In fact, they have a lot of crypto source code available here.

Source code snippet:

//------- Parses binary ans.1 RSA private key; returns RSACryptoServiceProvider  ---
public static RSACryptoServiceProvider DecodeRSAPrivateKey(byte[] privkey)
{
        byte[] MODULUS, E, D, P, Q, DP, DQ, IQ ;

        // ---------  Set up stream to decode the asn.1 encoded RSA private key  ------
        MemoryStream  mem = new MemoryStream(privkey) ;
        BinaryReader binr = new BinaryReader(mem) ;    //wrap Memory Stream with BinaryReader for easy reading
        byte bt = 0;
        ushort twobytes = 0;
        int elems = 0;
        try {
                twobytes = binr.ReadUInt16();
                if (twobytes == 0x8130) //data read as little endian order (actual data order for Sequence is 30 81)
                        binr.ReadByte();        //advance 1 byte
                else if (twobytes == 0x8230)
                        binr.ReadInt16();       //advance 2 bytes
                else
                        return null;

                twobytes = binr.ReadUInt16();
                if (twobytes != 0x0102) //version number
                        return null;
                bt = binr.ReadByte();
                if (bt !=0x00)
                        return null;


                //------  all private key components are Integer sequences ----
                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                MODULUS = binr.ReadBytes(elems);

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                E = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                D = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                P = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                Q = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                DP = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                DQ = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                IQ = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                Console.WriteLine("showing components ..");
                if (verbose) {
                        showBytes("\nModulus", MODULUS) ;
                        showBytes("\nExponent", E);
                        showBytes("\nD", D);
                        showBytes("\nP", P);
                        showBytes("\nQ", Q);
                        showBytes("\nDP", DP);
                        showBytes("\nDQ", DQ);
                        showBytes("\nIQ", IQ);
                }

                // ------- create RSACryptoServiceProvider instance and initialize with public key -----
                RSACryptoServiceProvider RSA = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();
                RSAParameters RSAparams = new RSAParameters();
                RSAparams.Modulus =MODULUS;
                RSAparams.Exponent = E;
                RSAparams.D = D;
                RSAparams.P = P;
                RSAparams.Q = Q;
                RSAparams.DP = DP;
                RSAparams.DQ = DQ;
                RSAparams.InverseQ = IQ;
                RSA.ImportParameters(RSAparams);
                return RSA;
        }
        catch (Exception) {
                return null;
        }
        finally {
                binr.Close();
        }
}

I've created the PemUtils library that does exactly that. The code is available on GitHub and can be installed from NuGet:

PM> Install-Package PemUtils

or if you only want a DER converter:

PM> Install-Package DerConverter

Usage for reading a RSA key from PEM data:

using (var stream = File.OpenRead(path))
using (var reader = new PemReader(stream))
{
    var rsaParameters = reader.ReadRsaKey();
    // ...
}

I've tried the accepted answer for PEM-encoded PKCS#8 RSA private key and it resulted in PemException with malformed sequence in RSA private key message. The reason is that Org.BouncyCastle.OpenSsl.PemReader seems to only support PKCS#1 private keys.

I was able to get the private key by switching to Org.BouncyCastle.Utilities.IO.Pem.PemReader (note that type names match!) like this

private static RSAParameters GetRsaParameters(string rsaPrivateKey)
{
    var byteArray = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(rsaPrivateKey);
    using (var ms = new MemoryStream(byteArray))
    {
        using (var sr = new StreamReader(ms))
        {
            var pemReader = new Org.BouncyCastle.Utilities.IO.Pem.PemReader(sr);
            var pem = pemReader.ReadPemObject();
            var privateKey = PrivateKeyFactory.CreateKey(pem.Content);

            return DotNetUtilities.ToRSAParameters(privateKey as RsaPrivateCrtKeyParameters);
        }
    }
}

The stuff between the

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY---- 

and

-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- 

is the base64 encoding of a PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo (unless it says RSA ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY in which case it is a EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo).

It is not that hard to decode manually, but otherwise your best bet is to P/Invoke to CryptImportPKCS8.

Update: The CryptImportPKCS8 function is no longer available for use as of Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista. Instead, use the PFXImportCertStore function.

I've tried the accepted answer for PEM-encoded PKCS#8 RSA private key and it resulted in PemException with malformed sequence in RSA private key message. The reason is that Org.BouncyCastle.OpenSsl.PemReader seems to only support PKCS#1 private keys.

I was able to get the private key by switching to Org.BouncyCastle.Utilities.IO.Pem.PemReader (note that type names match!) like this

private static RSAParameters GetRsaParameters(string rsaPrivateKey)
{
    var byteArray = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(rsaPrivateKey);
    using (var ms = new MemoryStream(byteArray))
    {
        using (var sr = new StreamReader(ms))
        {
            var pemReader = new Org.BouncyCastle.Utilities.IO.Pem.PemReader(sr);
            var pem = pemReader.ReadPemObject();
            var privateKey = PrivateKeyFactory.CreateKey(pem.Content);

            return DotNetUtilities.ToRSAParameters(privateKey as RsaPrivateCrtKeyParameters);
        }
    }
}

For people who don't want to use Bouncy, and are trying some of the code included in other answers, I've found that the code works MOST of the time, but trips up on some RSA private strings, such as the one I've included below. By looking at the bouncy code, I tweaked the code provided by wprl to

    RSAparams.D = ConvertRSAParametersField(D, MODULUS.Length);
    RSAparams.DP = ConvertRSAParametersField(DP, P.Length);
    RSAparams.DQ = ConvertRSAParametersField(DQ, Q.Length);
    RSAparams.InverseQ = ConvertRSAParametersField(IQ, Q.Length);

    private static byte[] ConvertRSAParametersField(byte[] bs, int size)
    {
        if (bs.Length == size)
            return bs;

        if (bs.Length > size)
            throw new ArgumentException("Specified size too small", "size");

        byte[] padded = new byte[size];
        Array.Copy(bs, 0, padded, size - bs.Length, bs.Length);
        return padded;
    }

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

The stuff between the

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY---- 

and

-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- 

is the base64 encoding of a PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo (unless it says RSA ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY in which case it is a EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo).

It is not that hard to decode manually, but otherwise your best bet is to P/Invoke to CryptImportPKCS8.

Update: The CryptImportPKCS8 function is no longer available for use as of Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista. Instead, use the PFXImportCertStore function.

I've created the PemUtils library that does exactly that. The code is available on GitHub and can be installed from NuGet:

PM> Install-Package PemUtils

or if you only want a DER converter:

PM> Install-Package DerConverter

Usage for reading a RSA key from PEM data:

using (var stream = File.OpenRead(path))
using (var reader = new PemReader(stream))
{
    var rsaParameters = reader.ReadRsaKey();
    // ...
}

For people who don't want to use Bouncy, and are trying some of the code included in other answers, I've found that the code works MOST of the time, but trips up on some RSA private strings, such as the one I've included below. By looking at the bouncy code, I tweaked the code provided by wprl to

    RSAparams.D = ConvertRSAParametersField(D, MODULUS.Length);
    RSAparams.DP = ConvertRSAParametersField(DP, P.Length);
    RSAparams.DQ = ConvertRSAParametersField(DQ, Q.Length);
    RSAparams.InverseQ = ConvertRSAParametersField(IQ, Q.Length);

    private static byte[] ConvertRSAParametersField(byte[] bs, int size)
    {
        if (bs.Length == size)
            return bs;

        if (bs.Length > size)
            throw new ArgumentException("Specified size too small", "size");

        byte[] padded = new byte[size];
        Array.Copy(bs, 0, padded, size - bs.Length, bs.Length);
        return padded;
    }

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Check http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd203099.aspx

under Cryptography Application Block.

Don't know if you will get your answer, but it's worth a try.

Edit after Comment.

Ok then check this code.

using System.Security.Cryptography;


public static string DecryptEncryptedData(stringBase64EncryptedData, stringPathToPrivateKeyFile) { 
    X509Certificate2 myCertificate; 
    try{ 
        myCertificate = new X509Certificate2(PathToPrivateKeyFile); 
    } catch{ 
        throw new CryptographicException("Unable to open key file."); 
    } 

    RSACryptoServiceProvider rsaObj; 
    if(myCertificate.HasPrivateKey) { 
         rsaObj = (RSACryptoServiceProvider)myCertificate.PrivateKey; 
    } else 
        throw new CryptographicException("Private key not contained within certificate."); 

    if(rsaObj == null) 
        return String.Empty; 

    byte[] decryptedBytes; 
    try{ 
        decryptedBytes = rsaObj.Decrypt(Convert.FromBase64String(Base64EncryptedData), false); 
    } catch { 
        throw new CryptographicException("Unable to decrypt data."); 
    } 

    //    Check to make sure we decrpyted the string 
   if(decryptedBytes.Length == 0) 
        return String.Empty; 
    else 
        return System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(decryptedBytes); 
} 

You might take a look at JavaScience's source for OpenSSLKey

There's code in there that does exactly what you want to do.

In fact, they have a lot of crypto source code available here.

Source code snippet:

//------- Parses binary ans.1 RSA private key; returns RSACryptoServiceProvider  ---
public static RSACryptoServiceProvider DecodeRSAPrivateKey(byte[] privkey)
{
        byte[] MODULUS, E, D, P, Q, DP, DQ, IQ ;

        // ---------  Set up stream to decode the asn.1 encoded RSA private key  ------
        MemoryStream  mem = new MemoryStream(privkey) ;
        BinaryReader binr = new BinaryReader(mem) ;    //wrap Memory Stream with BinaryReader for easy reading
        byte bt = 0;
        ushort twobytes = 0;
        int elems = 0;
        try {
                twobytes = binr.ReadUInt16();
                if (twobytes == 0x8130) //data read as little endian order (actual data order for Sequence is 30 81)
                        binr.ReadByte();        //advance 1 byte
                else if (twobytes == 0x8230)
                        binr.ReadInt16();       //advance 2 bytes
                else
                        return null;

                twobytes = binr.ReadUInt16();
                if (twobytes != 0x0102) //version number
                        return null;
                bt = binr.ReadByte();
                if (bt !=0x00)
                        return null;


                //------  all private key components are Integer sequences ----
                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                MODULUS = binr.ReadBytes(elems);

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                E = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                D = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                P = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                Q = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                DP = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                DQ = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                elems = GetIntegerSize(binr);
                IQ = binr.ReadBytes(elems) ;

                Console.WriteLine("showing components ..");
                if (verbose) {
                        showBytes("\nModulus", MODULUS) ;
                        showBytes("\nExponent", E);
                        showBytes("\nD", D);
                        showBytes("\nP", P);
                        showBytes("\nQ", Q);
                        showBytes("\nDP", DP);
                        showBytes("\nDQ", DQ);
                        showBytes("\nIQ", IQ);
                }

                // ------- create RSACryptoServiceProvider instance and initialize with public key -----
                RSACryptoServiceProvider RSA = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();
                RSAParameters RSAparams = new RSAParameters();
                RSAparams.Modulus =MODULUS;
                RSAparams.Exponent = E;
                RSAparams.D = D;
                RSAparams.P = P;
                RSAparams.Q = Q;
                RSAparams.DP = DP;
                RSAparams.DQ = DQ;
                RSAparams.InverseQ = IQ;
                RSA.ImportParameters(RSAparams);
                return RSA;
        }
        catch (Exception) {
                return null;
        }
        finally {
                binr.Close();
        }
}

The stuff between the

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY---- 

and

-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- 

is the base64 encoding of a PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo (unless it says RSA ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY in which case it is a EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo).

It is not that hard to decode manually, but otherwise your best bet is to P/Invoke to CryptImportPKCS8.

Update: The CryptImportPKCS8 function is no longer available for use as of Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista. Instead, use the PFXImportCertStore function.

Check http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd203099.aspx

under Cryptography Application Block.

Don't know if you will get your answer, but it's worth a try.

Edit after Comment.

Ok then check this code.

using System.Security.Cryptography;


public static string DecryptEncryptedData(stringBase64EncryptedData, stringPathToPrivateKeyFile) { 
    X509Certificate2 myCertificate; 
    try{ 
        myCertificate = new X509Certificate2(PathToPrivateKeyFile); 
    } catch{ 
        throw new CryptographicException("Unable to open key file."); 
    } 

    RSACryptoServiceProvider rsaObj; 
    if(myCertificate.HasPrivateKey) { 
         rsaObj = (RSACryptoServiceProvider)myCertificate.PrivateKey; 
    } else 
        throw new CryptographicException("Private key not contained within certificate."); 

    if(rsaObj == null) 
        return String.Empty; 

    byte[] decryptedBytes; 
    try{ 
        decryptedBytes = rsaObj.Decrypt(Convert.FromBase64String(Base64EncryptedData), false); 
    } catch { 
        throw new CryptographicException("Unable to decrypt data."); 
    } 

    //    Check to make sure we decrpyted the string 
   if(decryptedBytes.Length == 0) 
        return String.Empty; 
    else 
        return System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(decryptedBytes); 
}