Raise error in a Bash script

Question

I want to raise an error in a Bash script with message  Test cases Failed       How to do this in Bash   For example   if   condition    then     raise error  Test cases failed      fi

User · Answer

I often find it useful to write a function to handle error messages so the code is cleaner overall.

# Usage: die [exit_code] [error message]
die() {
  local code=$? now=$(date +%T.%N)
  if [ "$1" -ge 0 ] 2>/dev/null; then  # assume $1 is an error code if numeric
    code="$1"
    shift
  fi
  echo "$0: ERROR at ${now%???}${1:+: $*}" >&2
  exit $code
}

This takes the error code from the previous command and uses it as the default error code when exiting the whole script. It also notes the time, with microseconds where supported (GNU date's %N is nanoseconds, which we truncate to microseconds later).

If the first option is zero or a positive integer, it becomes the exit code and we remove it from the list of options. We then report the message to standard error, with the name of the script, the word "ERROR", and the time (we use parameter expansion to truncate nanoseconds to microseconds, or for non-GNU times, to truncate e.g. 12:34:56.%N to 12:34:56). A colon and space are added after the word ERROR, but only when there is a provided error message. Finally, we exit the script using the previously determined exit code, triggering any traps as normal.

Some examples (assume the code lives in script.sh):

if [ condition ]; then die 123 "condition not met"; fi
# exit code 123, message "script.sh: ERROR at 14:58:01.234564: condition not met"

$command |grep -q condition || die 1 "'$command' lacked 'condition'"
# exit code 1, "script.sh: ERROR at 14:58:55.825626: 'foo' lacked 'condition'"

$command || die
# exit code comes from command's, message "script.sh: ERROR at 14:59:15.575089"

User · Answer

Basic error handling  If your test case runner returns a non-zero code for failed tests  you can simply write   test handler test case x  test result    if   test result    0    then   printf   s n   Test case x failed   gt  amp 2    write error message to stderr   exit 1                                    or exit  test result fi   Or even shorter   if   test handler test case x  then   printf   s n   Test case x failed   gt  amp 2   exit 1 fi   Or the shortest   test handler test case x      printf   s n   Test case x failed   gt  amp 2  exit 1      To exit with test handler s exit code   test handler test case x      ec     printf   s n   Test case x failed   gt  amp 2  exit  ec      Advanced error handling  If you want to take a more comprehensive approach  you can have an error handler   exit if error       local exit code  1   shift       exit code     amp  amp                  do nothing if no error code passed       exit code    0    amp  amp              do nothing if error code is 0       printf  ERROR   s n        gt  amp 2   we can use better logging here       exit   exit code                we could also check to make sure                                       error code is numeric when passed           then invoke it after running your test case   run test case test case x exit if error     Test case x failed    or   run test case test case x    exit if error     Test case x failed    The advantages of having an error handler like exit if error are    we can standardize all the error handling logic such as logging  printing a stack trace  notification  doing cleanup etc   in one place by making the error handler get the error code as an argument  we can spare the caller from the clutter of if blocks that test exit codes for errors if we have a signal handler  using trap   we can invoke the error handler from there   Error handling and logging library  Here is a complete implementation of error handling and logging   https   github com codeforester base blob master lib stdlib sh    Related posts   Error handling in Bash The  caller  builtin command on Bash Hackers Wiki Are there any standard exit status codes in Linux  BashFAQ 105 - Why doesn t set -e  or set -o errexit  or trap ERR  do what I expected  Equivalent of   FILE      LINE   in Bash Is there a TRY CATCH command in Bash To add a stack trace to the error handler  you may want to look at this post  Trace of executed programs called by a Bash script Ignoring specific errors in a shell script Catching error codes in a shell pipe How do I manage log verbosity inside a shell script  How to log function name and line number in Bash  Is double square brackets       preferable over single square brackets     in Bash

User · Answer

You have 2 options  Redirect the output of the script to a file  Introduce a log file in the script and  Redirecting output to a file   Here you assume that the script outputs all necessary info  including warning and error messages  You can then redirect the output to a file of your choice    runTests  amp  gt  output log  The above command redirects both the standard output and the error output to your log file  Using this approach you don t have to introduce a log file in the script  and so the logic is a tiny bit easier   Introduce a log file to the script   In your script add a log file either by hard coding it  logFile    path to log file log   or passing it by a parameter  logFile  quot   1  quot     This assumes the first parameter to the script is the log file  It s a good idea to add the timestamp at the time of execution to the log file at the top of the script  date    Y -m d- H M S   gt  gt   quot   logFile  quot   You can then redirect your error messages to the log file if   condition    then     echo  quot Test cases failed   quot   gt  gt   quot   logFile  quot    fi  This will append the error to the log file and continue execution  If you want to stop execution when critical errors occur  you can exit the script  if   condition    then     echo  quot Test cases failed   quot   gt  gt   quot   logFile  quot          Clean up if needed     exit 1  fi  Note that exit 1 indicates that the program stop execution due to an unspecified error  You can customize this if you like  Using this approach you can customize your logs and have a different log file for each component of your script   If you have a relatively small script or want to execute somebody else s script without modifying it to the first approach is more suitable  If you always want the log file to be at the same location  this is the better option of the 2  Also if you have created a big script with multiple components then you may want to log each part differently and the second approach is your only option

User · Answer

This depends on where you want the error message be stored    You can do the following   echo  Error    gt  logfile log exit 125   Or the following   echo  Error   1 gt  amp 2 exit 64   When you raise an exception you stop the program s execution    You can also use something like exit xxx where xxx is the error code you may want to return to the operating system  from 0 to 255   Here 125 and 64 are just random codes you can exit with  When you need to indicate to the OS that the program stopped abnormally  eg  an error occurred   you need to pass a non-zero exit code to exit    As  chepner pointed out  you can do exit 1  which will mean an unspecified error

User · Answer

There are a couple more ways with which you can approach this problem  Assuming one of your requirement is to run a shell script function containing a few shell commands and check if the script ran successfully and throw errors in case of failures    The shell commands in generally rely on exit-codes returned to let the shell know if it was successful or failed due to some unexpected events    So what you want to do falls upon these two categories   exit on error exit and clean-up on error   Depending on which one you want to do  there are shell options available to use  For the first case  the shell provides an option with set -e and for the second you could do a trap on EXIT  Should I use exit in my script function   Using exit generally enhances readability In certain routines  once you know the answer  you want to exit to the calling routine immediately  If the routine is defined in such a way that it doesn   t require any further cleanup once it detects an error  not exiting immediately means that you have to write more code   So in cases if you need to do clean-up actions on script to make the termination of the script clean  it is preferred to not to use exit    Should I use set -e for error on exit      No    set -e was an attempt to add  automatic error detection  to the shell  Its goal was to cause the shell to abort any time an error occurred  but it comes with a lot of potential pitfalls for example     The commands that are part of an if test are immune  In the example  if you expect it to break on the test check on the non-existing directory  it wouldn t  it goes through to the else condition  set -e f     test -d nosuchdir  amp  amp  echo no dir    f echo survived  Commands in a pipeline other than the last one  are immune  In the example below  because the most recently executed  rightmost  command s exit code is considered   cat  and it was successful  This could be avoided by setting by the set -o pipefail option but its still a caveat    set -e somecommand that fails   cat - echo survived     Recommended for use - trap on exit  The verdict is if you want to be able to handle an error instead of blindly exiting  instead of using set -e  use a trap on the ERR pseudo signal   The ERR trap is not to run code when the shell itself exits with a non-zero error code  but when any command run by that shell that is not part of a condition  like in if cmd  or cmd     exits with a non-zero exit status   The general practice is we define an trap handler to provide additional debug information on which line and what cause the exit  Remember the exit code of the last command that caused the ERR signal would still be available at this point   cleanup         exitcode        printf  error condition hit n  1 gt  amp 2     printf  exit code returned   s n    exitcode      printf  the command executing at the time of the error was   s n    BASH COMMAND      printf  command present on line   d     BASH LINENO 0          Some more clean up code can be added here before exiting     exit  exitcode     and we just use this handler as below on top of the script that is failing  trap cleanup ERR   Putting this together on a simple script that contained false on line 15  the information you would be getting as  error condition hit exit code returned  1 the command executing at the time of the error was  false command present on line  15   The trap also provides options irrespective of the error to just run the cleanup on shell completion  e g  your shell script exits   on signal EXIT  You could also trap on multiple signals at the same time  The list of supported signals to trap on can be found on the trap 1p - Linux manual page  Another thing to notice would be to understand that none of the provided methods work if you are dealing with sub-shells are involved in which case  you might need to add your own error handling    On a sub-shell with set -e wouldn t work  The false is restricted to the sub-shell and never gets propagated to the parent shell  To do the error handling here  add your own logic to do  false     false  set -e  false  echo survived  The same happens with trap also  The logic below wouldn t work for the reasons mentioned above   trap  echo error  ERR  false

User · Answer

Here s a simple trap that prints the last argument of whatever failed to STDERR  reports the line it failed on  and exits the script with the line number as the exit code  Note these are not always great ideas  but this demonstrates some creative application you could build on   trap  echo  gt  amp 2     at  LINENO   exit  LINENO   ERR   I put that in a script with a loop to test it  I just check for a hit on some random numbers  you might use actual tests  If I need to bail  I call false  which triggers the trap  with the message I want to throw   For elaborated functionality  have the trap call a processing function  You can always use a case statement on your arg      if you need to do more cleanup  etc  Assign to a var for a little syntactic sugar -  trap  echo  gt  amp 2     at  LINENO   exit  LINENO   ERR throw false raise false  while   do x      RANDOM   10       case   x  in    0   throw  DIVISION BY ZERO        3   raise  MAGIC NUMBER               echo got  x                     esac done   Sample output     bash tst got 2 got 8 DIVISION BY ZERO at 6   echo    6   Obviously  you could   runTest1  Test1 fails    message not used if it succeeds   Lots of room for design improvement   The draw backs include the fact that false isn t pretty  thus the sugar   and other things tripping the trap might look a little stupid  Still  I like this method

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