This is a idea for a security. Our employees shall have access to some commands on a linux server but not all. They shall e.g. have the possibility to access a log file (less logfile) or start different commands (shutdown.sh / run.sh).
Background information:
All employees access the server with the same user name: Our product runs with "normal" user permissions, no "installation" is needed. Just unzip it in your user dir and run it. We manage several servers where our application is "installed". On every machine there is a user johndoe. Our employees sometimes need access to the application on command line to access and check log files or to restart the application by hand. Only some people shall have full command line access.
We are using ppk authentication on the server.
It would be great if employee1 can only access the logfile and employee2 can also do X etc...
Solution:
As a solution I'll use the command option as stated in the accepted answer. I'll make my own little shell script that will be the only file that can be executed for some employees. The script will offer several commands that can be executed, but no others. I'll use the following parameters in authorized_keys from as stated here:
command="/bin/myscript.sh",no-port-forwarding,no-X11-forwarding,no-agent-forwarding,no-pty
ssh-dss AAAAB3....o9M9qz4xqGCqGXoJw= user@host
This is enough security for us. Thanks, community!
ssh follows the rsh tradition by using the user's shell program from the password file to execute commands.
This means that we can solve this without involving ssh configuration in any way.
If you don't want the user to be able to have shell access, then simply replace that user's shell with a script. If you look in /etc/passwd you will see that there is a field which assigns a shell command interpreter to each user. The script is used as the shell both for their interactive login ssh user@host as well as for commands ssh user@host command arg ....
Here is an example. I created a user foo whose shell is a script. The script prints the message my arguments are: followed by its arguments (each on a separate line and in angle brackets) and terminates. In the log in case, there are no arguments. Here is what happens:
webserver:~# ssh foo@localhost
foo@localhost's password:
Linux webserver [ snip ]
[ snip ]
my arguments are:
Connection to localhost closed.
If the user tries to run a command, it looks like this:
webserver:~# ssh foo@localhost cat /etc/passwd
foo@localhost's password:
my arguments are:
<-c>
<cat /etc/passwd>
Our "shell" receives a -c style invocation, with the entire command as one argument, just the same way that /bin/sh would receive it.
So as you can see, what we can do now is develop the script further so that it recognizes the case when it has been invoked with a -c argument, and then parses the string (say by pattern matching). Those strings which are allowed can be passed to the real shell by recursively invoking /bin/bash -c <string>. The reject case can print an error message and terminate (including the case when -c is missing).
You have to be careful how you write this. I recommend writing only positive matches which allow only very specific things, and disallow everything else.
Note: if you are root, you can still log into this account by overriding the shell in the su command, like this su -s /bin/bash foo. (Substitute shell of choice.) Non-root cannot do this.
Here is an example script: restrict the user into only using ssh for git access to repositories under /git.
#!/bin/sh
if [ $# -ne 2 ] || [ "$1" != "-c" ] ; then
printf "interactive login not permitted\n"
exit 1
fi
set -- $2
if [ $# != 2 ] ; then
printf "wrong number of arguments\n"
exit 1
fi
case "$1" in
( git-upload-pack | git-receive-pack )
;; # continue execution
( * )
printf "command not allowed\n"
exit 1
;;
esac
# Canonicalize the path name: we don't want escape out of
# git via ../ path components.
gitpath=$(readlink -f "$2") # GNU Coreutils specific
case "$gitpath" in
( /git/* )
;; # continue execution
( * )
printf "access denied outside of /git\n"
exit 1
;;
esac
if ! [ -e "$gitpath" ] ; then
printf "that git repo doesn't exist\n"
exit 1
fi
"$1" "$gitpath"
Of course, we are trusting that these Git programs git-upload-pack and git-receive-pack don't have holes or escape hatches that will give users access to the system.
That is inherent in this kind of restriction scheme. The user is authenticated to execute code in a certain security domain, and we are kludging in a restriction to limit that domain to a subdomain. For instance if you allow a user to run the vim command on a specific file to edit it, the user can just get a shell with :!sh[Enter].
You should acquire `rssh', the restricted shell
You can follow the restriction guides mentioned above, they're all rather self-explanatory, and simple to follow. Understand the terms `chroot jail', and how to effectively implement sshd/terminal configurations, and so on.
Being as most of your users access your terminals via sshd, you should also probably look into sshd_conifg, the SSH daemon configuration file, to apply certain restrictions via SSH. Be careful, however. Understand properly what you try to implement, for the ramifications of incorrect configurations are probably rather dire.
You might want to look at setting up a jail.
You should acquire `rssh', the restricted shell
You can follow the restriction guides mentioned above, they're all rather self-explanatory, and simple to follow. Understand the terms `chroot jail', and how to effectively implement sshd/terminal configurations, and so on.
Being as most of your users access your terminals via sshd, you should also probably look into sshd_conifg, the SSH daemon configuration file, to apply certain restrictions via SSH. Be careful, however. Understand properly what you try to implement, for the ramifications of incorrect configurations are probably rather dire.
What you are looking for is called Restricted Shell. Bash provides such a mode in which users can only execute commands present in their home directories (and they cannot move to other directories), which might be good enough for you.
I've found this thread to be very illustrative, if a bit dated.
You might want to look at setting up a jail.
What you are looking for is called Restricted Shell. Bash provides such a mode in which users can only execute commands present in their home directories (and they cannot move to other directories), which might be good enough for you.
I've found this thread to be very illustrative, if a bit dated.
You might want to look at setting up a jail.
What you are looking for is called Restricted Shell. Bash provides such a mode in which users can only execute commands present in their home directories (and they cannot move to other directories), which might be good enough for you.
I've found this thread to be very illustrative, if a bit dated.
Another way of looking at this is using POSIX ACLs, it needs to be supported by your file system, however you can have fine-grained tuning of all commands in linux the same way you have the same control on Windows (just without the nicer UI). link
Another thing to look into is PolicyKit.
You'll have to do quite a bit of googling to get everything working as this is definitely not a strength of Linux at the moment.
ssh follows the rsh tradition by using the user's shell program from the password file to execute commands.
This means that we can solve this without involving ssh configuration in any way.
If you don't want the user to be able to have shell access, then simply replace that user's shell with a script. If you look in /etc/passwd you will see that there is a field which assigns a shell command interpreter to each user. The script is used as the shell both for their interactive login ssh user@host as well as for commands ssh user@host command arg ....
Here is an example. I created a user foo whose shell is a script. The script prints the message my arguments are: followed by its arguments (each on a separate line and in angle brackets) and terminates. In the log in case, there are no arguments. Here is what happens:
webserver:~# ssh foo@localhost
foo@localhost's password:
Linux webserver [ snip ]
[ snip ]
my arguments are:
Connection to localhost closed.
If the user tries to run a command, it looks like this:
webserver:~# ssh foo@localhost cat /etc/passwd
foo@localhost's password:
my arguments are:
<-c>
<cat /etc/passwd>
Our "shell" receives a -c style invocation, with the entire command as one argument, just the same way that /bin/sh would receive it.
So as you can see, what we can do now is develop the script further so that it recognizes the case when it has been invoked with a -c argument, and then parses the string (say by pattern matching). Those strings which are allowed can be passed to the real shell by recursively invoking /bin/bash -c <string>. The reject case can print an error message and terminate (including the case when -c is missing).
You have to be careful how you write this. I recommend writing only positive matches which allow only very specific things, and disallow everything else.
Note: if you are root, you can still log into this account by overriding the shell in the su command, like this su -s /bin/bash foo. (Substitute shell of choice.) Non-root cannot do this.
Here is an example script: restrict the user into only using ssh for git access to repositories under /git.
#!/bin/sh
if [ $# -ne 2 ] || [ "$1" != "-c" ] ; then
printf "interactive login not permitted\n"
exit 1
fi
set -- $2
if [ $# != 2 ] ; then
printf "wrong number of arguments\n"
exit 1
fi
case "$1" in
( git-upload-pack | git-receive-pack )
;; # continue execution
( * )
printf "command not allowed\n"
exit 1
;;
esac
# Canonicalize the path name: we don't want escape out of
# git via ../ path components.
gitpath=$(readlink -f "$2") # GNU Coreutils specific
case "$gitpath" in
( /git/* )
;; # continue execution
( * )
printf "access denied outside of /git\n"
exit 1
;;
esac
if ! [ -e "$gitpath" ] ; then
printf "that git repo doesn't exist\n"
exit 1
fi
"$1" "$gitpath"
Of course, we are trusting that these Git programs git-upload-pack and git-receive-pack don't have holes or escape hatches that will give users access to the system.
That is inherent in this kind of restriction scheme. The user is authenticated to execute code in a certain security domain, and we are kludging in a restriction to limit that domain to a subdomain. For instance if you allow a user to run the vim command on a specific file to edit it, the user can just get a shell with :!sh[Enter].
GNU Rush may be the most flexible and secure way to accomplish this:
GNU Rush is a Restricted User Shell, designed for sites that provide limited remote access to their resources, such as svn or git repositories, scp, or the like. Using a sophisticated configuration file, GNU Rush gives you complete control over the command lines that users execute, as well as over the usage of system resources, such as virtual memory, CPU time, etc.
Why don't you write your own login-shell? It would be quite simple to use Bash for this, but you can use any language.
Use your favorite editor to create the file /root/rbash.sh (this can be any name or path, but should be chown root:root and chmod 700):
#!/bin/bash
commands=("man" "pwd" "ls" "whoami")
timestamp(){ date +'%Y-%m-%s %H:%M:%S'; }
log(){ echo -e "$(timestamp)\t$1\t$(whoami)\t$2" > /var/log/rbash.log; }
trycmd()
{
# Provide an option to exit the shell
if [[ "$ln" == "exit" ]] || [[ "$ln" == "q" ]]
then
exit
# You can do exact string matching for some alias:
elif [[ "$ln" == "help" ]]
then
echo "Type exit or q to quit."
echo "Commands you can use:"
echo " help"
echo " echo"
echo "${commands[@]}" | tr ' ' '\n' | awk '{print " " $0}'
# You can use custom regular expression matching:
elif [[ "$ln" =~ ^echo\ .*$ ]]
then
ln="${ln:5}"
echo "$ln" # Beware, these double quotes are important to prevent malicious injection
# For example, optionally you can log this command
log COMMAND "echo $ln"
# Or you could even check an array of commands:
else
ok=false
for cmd in "${commands[@]}"
do
if [[ "$cmd" == "$ln" ]]
then
ok=true
fi
done
if $ok
then
$ln
else
log DENIED "$cmd"
fi
fi
}
# Optionally show a friendly welcome-message with instructions since it is a custom shell
echo "$(timestamp) Welcome, $(whoami). Type 'help' for information."
# Optionally log the login
log LOGIN "$@"
# Optionally log the logout
trap "trap=\"\";log LOGOUT;exit" EXIT
# Optionally check for '-c custom_command' arguments passed directly to shell
# Then you can also use ssh user@host custom_command, which will execute /root/rbash.sh
if [[ "$1" == "-c" ]]
then
shift
trycmd "$@"
else
while echo -n "> " && read ln
do
trycmd "$ln"
done
fi
All you have to do is set this executable as your login shell. For example, edit your /etc/passwd file, and replace your current login shell of that user /bin/bash with /root/rbash.sh.
This is just a simple example, but you can make it as advanced as you want, the idea is there. Be careful to not lock yourself out by changing login shell of your own and only user. And always test weird symbols and commands to see if it is actually secure.
You can test it with: su -s /root/rbash.sh.
Beware, make sure to match the whole command, and be careful with wildcards! Better exclude Bash-symbols such as ;, &, &&, ||, $, and backticks to be sure.
Depending on the freedom you give the user, it won't get much safer than this. I've found that often I only needed to make a user that has access to only a few relevant commands, and in that case this is really the better solution. However, do you wish to give more freedom, a jail and permissions might be more appropriate. Mistakes are easily made, and only noticed when it's already too late.
GNU Rush may be the most flexible and secure way to accomplish this:
GNU Rush is a Restricted User Shell, designed for sites that provide limited remote access to their resources, such as svn or git repositories, scp, or the like. Using a sophisticated configuration file, GNU Rush gives you complete control over the command lines that users execute, as well as over the usage of system resources, such as virtual memory, CPU time, etc.
You should acquire `rssh', the restricted shell
You can follow the restriction guides mentioned above, they're all rather self-explanatory, and simple to follow. Understand the terms `chroot jail', and how to effectively implement sshd/terminal configurations, and so on.
Being as most of your users access your terminals via sshd, you should also probably look into sshd_conifg, the SSH daemon configuration file, to apply certain restrictions via SSH. Be careful, however. Understand properly what you try to implement, for the ramifications of incorrect configurations are probably rather dire.
[Disclosure: I wrote sshdo which is described below]
If you want the login to be interactive then setting up a restricted shell is probably the right answer. But if there is an actual set of commands that you want to allow (and nothing else) and it's ok for these commands to be executed individually via ssh (e.g. ssh user@host cmd arg blah blah), then a generic command whitelisting control for ssh might be what you need. This is useful when the commands are scripted somehow at the client end and doesn't require the user to actually type in the ssh command.
There's a program called sshdo for doing this. It controls which commands may be executed via incoming ssh connections. It's available for download at:
http://raf.org/sshdo/ (read manual pages here) https://github.com/raforg/sshdo/
It has a training mode to allow all commands that are attempted, and a --learn option to produce the configuration needed to allow learned commands permanently. Then training mode can be turned off and any other commands will not be executed.
It also has an --unlearn option to stop allowing commands that are no longer in use so as to maintain strict least privilege as requirements change over time.
It is very fussy about what it allows. It won't allow a command with any arguments. Only complete shell commands can be allowed.
But it does support simple patterns to represent similar commands that vary only in the digits that appear on the command line (e.g. sequence numbers or date/time stamps).
It's like a firewall or whitelisting control for ssh commands.
And it supports different commands being allowed for different users.
Why don't you write your own login-shell? It would be quite simple to use Bash for this, but you can use any language.
Use your favorite editor to create the file /root/rbash.sh (this can be any name or path, but should be chown root:root and chmod 700):
#!/bin/bash
commands=("man" "pwd" "ls" "whoami")
timestamp(){ date +'%Y-%m-%s %H:%M:%S'; }
log(){ echo -e "$(timestamp)\t$1\t$(whoami)\t$2" > /var/log/rbash.log; }
trycmd()
{
# Provide an option to exit the shell
if [[ "$ln" == "exit" ]] || [[ "$ln" == "q" ]]
then
exit
# You can do exact string matching for some alias:
elif [[ "$ln" == "help" ]]
then
echo "Type exit or q to quit."
echo "Commands you can use:"
echo " help"
echo " echo"
echo "${commands[@]}" | tr ' ' '\n' | awk '{print " " $0}'
# You can use custom regular expression matching:
elif [[ "$ln" =~ ^echo\ .*$ ]]
then
ln="${ln:5}"
echo "$ln" # Beware, these double quotes are important to prevent malicious injection
# For example, optionally you can log this command
log COMMAND "echo $ln"
# Or you could even check an array of commands:
else
ok=false
for cmd in "${commands[@]}"
do
if [[ "$cmd" == "$ln" ]]
then
ok=true
fi
done
if $ok
then
$ln
else
log DENIED "$cmd"
fi
fi
}
# Optionally show a friendly welcome-message with instructions since it is a custom shell
echo "$(timestamp) Welcome, $(whoami). Type 'help' for information."
# Optionally log the login
log LOGIN "$@"
# Optionally log the logout
trap "trap=\"\";log LOGOUT;exit" EXIT
# Optionally check for '-c custom_command' arguments passed directly to shell
# Then you can also use ssh user@host custom_command, which will execute /root/rbash.sh
if [[ "$1" == "-c" ]]
then
shift
trycmd "$@"
else
while echo -n "> " && read ln
do
trycmd "$ln"
done
fi
All you have to do is set this executable as your login shell. For example, edit your /etc/passwd file, and replace your current login shell of that user /bin/bash with /root/rbash.sh.
This is just a simple example, but you can make it as advanced as you want, the idea is there. Be careful to not lock yourself out by changing login shell of your own and only user. And always test weird symbols and commands to see if it is actually secure.
You can test it with: su -s /root/rbash.sh.
Beware, make sure to match the whole command, and be careful with wildcards! Better exclude Bash-symbols such as ;, &, &&, ||, $, and backticks to be sure.
Depending on the freedom you give the user, it won't get much safer than this. I've found that often I only needed to make a user that has access to only a few relevant commands, and in that case this is really the better solution. However, do you wish to give more freedom, a jail and permissions might be more appropriate. Mistakes are easily made, and only noticed when it's already too late.
Another way of looking at this is using POSIX ACLs, it needs to be supported by your file system, however you can have fine-grained tuning of all commands in linux the same way you have the same control on Windows (just without the nicer UI). link
Another thing to look into is PolicyKit.
You'll have to do quite a bit of googling to get everything working as this is definitely not a strength of Linux at the moment.
[Disclosure: I wrote sshdo which is described below]
If you want the login to be interactive then setting up a restricted shell is probably the right answer. But if there is an actual set of commands that you want to allow (and nothing else) and it's ok for these commands to be executed individually via ssh (e.g. ssh user@host cmd arg blah blah), then a generic command whitelisting control for ssh might be what you need. This is useful when the commands are scripted somehow at the client end and doesn't require the user to actually type in the ssh command.
There's a program called sshdo for doing this. It controls which commands may be executed via incoming ssh connections. It's available for download at:
http://raf.org/sshdo/ (read manual pages here) https://github.com/raforg/sshdo/
It has a training mode to allow all commands that are attempted, and a --learn option to produce the configuration needed to allow learned commands permanently. Then training mode can be turned off and any other commands will not be executed.
It also has an --unlearn option to stop allowing commands that are no longer in use so as to maintain strict least privilege as requirements change over time.
It is very fussy about what it allows. It won't allow a command with any arguments. Only complete shell commands can be allowed.
But it does support simple patterns to represent similar commands that vary only in the digits that appear on the command line (e.g. sequence numbers or date/time stamps).
It's like a firewall or whitelisting control for ssh commands.
And it supports different commands being allowed for different users.
You might want to look at setting up a jail.
What you are looking for is called Restricted Shell. Bash provides such a mode in which users can only execute commands present in their home directories (and they cannot move to other directories), which might be good enough for you.
I've found this thread to be very illustrative, if a bit dated.
Another way of looking at this is using POSIX ACLs, it needs to be supported by your file system, however you can have fine-grained tuning of all commands in linux the same way you have the same control on Windows (just without the nicer UI). link
Another thing to look into is PolicyKit.
You'll have to do quite a bit of googling to get everything working as this is definitely not a strength of Linux at the moment.
Source: Stackoverflow.com