Versioning SQL Server database

Question

I want to get my databases under version control   Does anyone have any advice or recommended articles to get me started   I ll always want to have at least some data in there  as alumb mentions  user types and administrators    I ll also often want a large collection of generated test data for performance measurements

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Here at Red Gate we offer a tool  SQL Source Control  which uses SQL Compare technology to link your database with a TFS or SVN repository  This tool integrates into SSMS and lets you work as you would normally  except it now lets you commit the objects   For a migrations-based approach  more suited for automated deployments   we offer SQL Change Automation  formerly called ReadyRoll   which creates and manages a set of incremental scripts as a Visual Studio project   In SQL Source Control it is possible to specify static data tables  These are stored in source control as INSERT statements   If you re talking about test data  we d recommend that you either generate test data with a tool or via a post-deployment script you define  or you simply restore a production backup to the dev environment

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You didn t mention any specifics about your target environment or constraints  so this may not be entirely applicable    but if you re looking for a way to effectively track an evolving DB schema and aren t adverse to the idea of using Ruby  ActiveRecord s migrations are right up your alley   Migrations programatically define database transformations using a Ruby DSL  each transformation can be applied or  usually  rolled back  allowing you to jump to a different version of your DB schema at any given point in time  The file defining these transformations can be checked into version control like any other piece of source code   Because migrations are a part of ActiveRecord  they typically find use in full-stack Rails apps  however  you can use ActiveRecord independent of Rails with minimal effort  See here for a more detailed treatment of using AR s migrations outside of Rails

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We needed to version our SQL database after we migrated to an x64 platform and our old version broke with the migration   We wrote a C  application which used SQLDMO to map out all of the SQL objects to a folder                   Root                     ServerName                        DatabaseName                           Schema Objects                              Database Triggers                                   ddltrigger sql                              Functions                                   function sql                              Security                                 Roles                                    Application Roles                                        approle sql                                    Database Roles                                        role sql                                 Schemas                                      schema sql                                 Users                                     user sql                              Storage                                 Full Text Catalogs                                      fulltext sql                              Stored Procedures                                   proc sql                              Synonyms                                   synonym sql                              Tables                                   table sql                                 Constraints                                       chkconst sql                                       defconst sql                                 Indexes                                       index sql                                 Keys                                       fkey sql                                       pkey sql                                       ukey sql                                 Triggers                                       trigger sql                              Types                                 User-defined Data Types                                      uddt sql                                 XML Schema Collections                                       xmlschema sql                              Views                                   view sql                                 Indexes                                       index sql                                 Triggers                                       trigger sql  The application would then compare the newly written version with the version stored in SVN  and if there were differences it would update SVN  We determined that running the process once a night was sufficient since we did not make that many changes to SQL  It allows us to track changes to all the objects we care about plus it allows us to rebuild our full schema in the event of a serious problem

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I would suggest using comparison tools to improvise a version control system for your database  Two good alternatives are xSQL Schema Compare and xSQL Data Compare  Now  if your goal is to have only the database s schema under version control you can simply use xSQL Schema Compare to generate xSQL Snapshots of the schema and add these files in your version control  Then  to revert or update to a specific version  just compare the current version of the database with the snapshot for the destination version  Also  if you want to have the data under version control as well  you can use xSQL Data Compare to generate change scripts for you database and add the  sql files in your version control  You could then execute these scripts to revert   update to any version you want  Keep in mind that for the  revert  functionality you need to generate change scripts that  when executed  will make Version 3 the same as Version 2 and for the  update  functionality  you need to generate change scripts that do the opposite  Lastly  with some basic batch programming skills you can automate the whole process by using the command line versions of xSQL Schema Compare and xSQL Data Compare Disclaimer  I m affiliated to xSQL

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This is one of the  hard problems  surrounding development  As far as I know there are no perfect solutions    If you only need to store the database structure and not the data you can export the database as SQL queries   in Enterprise Manager  Right click on database -  Generate SQL script  I recommend setting the  create one file per object  on the options tab  You can then commit these text files to svn and make use of svn s diff and logging functions    I have this tied together with a Batch script that takes a couple parameters and sets up the database  I also added some additional queries that enter default data like user types and the admin user   If you want more info on this  post something and I can put the script somewhere accessible   If you need to keep all of the data as well  I recommend keeping a back up of the database and using Redgate  http   www red-gate com   products to do the comparisons  They don t come cheap  but they are worth every penny

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We just started using Team Foundation Server   If your database is medium sized  then visual studio has some nice project integrations with built in compare  data compare  database refactoring tools  database testing framework  and even data generation tools   But  that model doesn t fit very large or third party databases  that encrypt objects  very well   So  what we ve done is to store only our customized objects   Visual Studio   Team foundation server works very well for that   TFS Database chief arch  blog  MS TFS site

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In my experience the solution is twofold    You need to handle changes to the development database that are done by multiple developers during development  You need to handle database upgrades in customers sites    In order to handle  1 you ll need a strong database diff merge tool  The best tool should be able to perform automatic merge as much as possible while allowing you to resolve unhandled conflicts manually    The perfect tool should handle merge operations by using a 3-way merge algorithm that brings into account the changes that were made in the THEIRS database and the MINE database  relative to the BASE database   I wrote a commercial tool that provides manual merge support for SQLite databases and I m currently adding support for 3-way merge algorithm for SQLite  Check it out at http   www sqlitecompare com  In order to handle  2 you will need an upgrade framework in place    The basic idea is to develop an automatic upgrade framework that knows how to upgrade from an existing SQL schema to the newer SQL schema and can build an upgrade path for every existing DB installation    Check out my article on the subject in http   www codeproject com KB database sqlite upgrade aspx to get a general idea of what I m talking about    Good Luck  Liron Levi

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Martin Fowler wrote my favorite article on the subject  http   martinfowler com articles evodb html   I choose not to put schema dumps in under version control as alumb and others suggest because I want an easy way to upgrade my production database   For a web application where I ll have a single production database instance  I use two techniques   Database Upgrade Scripts  A sequence database upgrade scripts that contain the DDL necessary to move the schema from version N to N 1    These go in your version control system    A  version history  table  something like  create table VersionHistory       Version int primary key      UpgradeStart datetime not null      UpgradeEnd datetime          gets a new entry every time an upgrade script runs which corresponds to the new version   This ensures that it s easy to see what version of the database schema exists and that database upgrade scripts are run only once   Again  these are not database dumps   Rather  each script represents the changes necessary to move from one version to the next   They re the script that you apply to your production database to  upgrade  it   Developer Sandbox Synchronization   A script to backup  sanitize  and shrink a production database   Run this after each upgrade to the production DB  A script to restore  and tweak  if necessary  the backup on a developer s workstation   Each developer runs this script after each upgrade to the production DB    A caveat  My automated tests run against a schema-correct but empty database  so this advice will not perfectly suit your needs

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I wrote this app a while ago  http   sqlschemasourcectrl codeplex com  which will scan your MSFT SQL db s as often as you want and automatically dump your objects  tables  views  procs  functions  sql settings  into SVN  Works like a charm  I use it with Unfuddle  which allows me to get alerts on checkins

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If you have a small database and you want to version the entire thing  this batch script might help  It detaches  compresses  and checks a MSSQL database MDF file in to Subversion  If you mostly want to version your schema and just have a small amount of reference data  you can possibly use SubSonic Migrations to handle that  The benefit there is that you can easily migrate up or down to any specific version

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Red Gate s SQL Compare product not only allows you to do object-level comparisons  and generate change scripts from that  but it also allows you to export your database objects into a folder hierarchy organized by object type  with one  objectname  sql creation script per object in these directories   The object-type hierarchy is like this    Functions  Security  Security Roles  Security Schemas  Security Users  Stored Procedures  Tables    If you dump your scripts to the same root directory after you make changes  you can use this to update your SVN repo  and keep a running history of each object individually

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You might want to look at Liquibase  http   www liquibase org    Even if you don t use the tool itself it handles the concepts of database change management or refactoring pretty well

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We use DBGhost to manage our SQL database  Then you put your scripts to build a new database in your version control  and it ll either build a new database  or upgrade any existing database to the schema in version control  That way you don t have to worry about creating change scripts  although you can still do that  if for example you want to change the data type of a column and need to convert data

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I m also using a version in the database stored via the database extended properties family of procedures  My application has scripts for each version step  ie  move from 1 1 to 1 2   When deployed  it looks at the current version and then runs the scripts one by one until it reaches the last app version  There is no script that has the straight  final  version  even deploy on a clean DB does the deploy via a series of upgrade steps   Now what I like to add is that I ve seen two days ago a presentation on the MS campus about the new and upcoming VS DB edition  The presentation was focused specifically on this topic and I was blown out of the water  You should definitely check it out  the new facilities are focused on keeping schema definition in T-SQL scripts  CREATEs   a runtime delta engine to compare deployment schema with defined schema and doing the delta ALTERs and integration with source code integration  up to and including MSBUILD continuous integration for automated build drops  The drop will contain a new file type  the  dbschema files  that can be taken to the deployment site and a command line tool can do the actual  deltas  and run the deployment  I have a blog entry on this topic with links to the VSDE downloads  you should check them out  http   rusanu com 2009 05 15 version-control-and-your-database

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Check out DBGhost http   www innovartis co uk   I have used in an automated fashion for 2 years now and it works great  It allows our DB builds to happen much like a Java or C build happens  except for the database  You know what I mean

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The typical solution is to dump the database as necessary and backup those files   Depending on your development platform  there may be opensource plugins available  Rolling your own code to do it is usually fairly trivial   Note  You may want to backup the database dump instead of putting it into version control   The files can get huge fast in version control  and cause your entire source control system to become slow  I m recalling a CVS horror story at the moment

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It is a good approach to save database scripts into version control with change scripts so that you can upgrade any one database you have  Also you might want to save schemas for different versions so that you can create a full database without having to apply all the change scripts  Handling the scripts should be automated so that you don t have to do manual work   I think its important to have a separate database for every developer and not use a shared database  That way the developers can create test cases and development phases independently from other developers   The automating tool should have means for handling database metadata  which tells what databases are in what state of development and which tables contain version controllable data and so on

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1 for everyone who s recommended the RedGate tools  with an additional recommendation and a caveat   SqlCompare also has a decently documented API  so you can  for instance  write a console app which syncs your source controlled scripts folder with a CI integration testing database on checkin  so that when someone checks in a change to the schema from their scripts folder it s automatically deployed along with the matching application code change  This helps close the gap with developers who are forgetful about propagating changes in their local db up to a shared development DB  about half of us  I think        A caveat is that with a scripted solution or otherwise  the RedGate tools are sufficiently smooth that it s easy to forget about SQL realities underlying the abstraction  If you rename all the columns in a table  SqlCompare has no way to map the old columns to the new columns and will drop all the data in the table  It will generate warnings but I ve seen people click past that  There s a general point here worth making  I think  that you can only automate DB versioning and upgrade so far - the abstractions are very leaky

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Because our app has to work across multiple RDBMSs  we store our schema definition in version control using the database-neutral Torque format  XML   We also version-control the reference data for our database in XML format as follows  where  Relationship  is one of the reference tables       lt Relationship RelationshipID  1  InternalName  Manager   gt     lt Relationship RelationshipID  2  InternalName  Delegate   gt    etc    We then use home-grown tools to generate the schema upgrade and reference data upgrade scripts that are required to go from version X of the database to version X   1

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I agree with ESV answer and for that exact reason I started a little project a while back to help maintain database updates in a very simple file which could then be maintained a long side out source code  It allows easy updates to developers as well as UAT and Production  The tool works on SQL Server and MySQL  Some project features   Allows schema changes Allows value tree population Allows separate test data inserts for eg  UAT Allows option for rollback  not automated  Maintains support for SQL server and MySQL Has the ability to import your existing database into version control with one simple command  SQL server only     still working on MySQL   Please check out the code for some more information

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First  you must choose the version control system that is right for you     Centralized Version Control system - a standard system where users check out check in before after they work on files  and the files are being kept in a single central server Distributed Version Control system - a system where the repository is being cloned  and each clone is actually the full backup of the repository  so if any server crashes  then any cloned repository can be used to restore it After choosing the right system for your needs  you ll need to setup the repository which is the core of every version control system All this is explained in the following article  http   solutioncenter apexsql com sql-server-source-control-part-i-understanding-source-control-basics    After setting up a repository  and in case of a central version control system a working folder  you can read this article  It shows how to setup source control in a development environment using     SQL Server Management Studio via the MSSCCI provider   Visual Studio and SQL Server Data Tools A 3rd party tool ApexSQL Source Control

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You could also look at a migrations solution   These allow you to specify your database schema in C  code  and roll your database version up and down using MSBuild   I m currently using DbUp  and it s been working well

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We don t store the database schema  we store the changes to the database   What we do is store the schema changes so that we build a change script for any version of the database and apply it to our customer s databases   I wrote an database utility app that gets distributed with our main application that can read that script and know which updates need to be applied   It also has enough smarts to refresh views and stored procedures as needed

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With VS 2010  use the Database project    Script out your database  Make changes to scripts or directly on your db server  Sync up using Data       Schema Compare   Makes a perfect DB versioning solution  and makes syncing DB s a breeze

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It s a very old question  however  many people are trying to solve this even now  All they have to do is to research about Visual Studio Database Projects  Without this  any database development looks very feeble  From code organization to deployment to versioning  it simplifies everything

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To make the dump to a source code control system that little bit faster  you can see which objects have changed since last time by using the version information in sysobjects   Setup  Create a table in each database you want to check incrementally to hold the version information from the last time you checked it  empty on the first run   Clear this table if you want to re-scan your whole data structure   IF ISNULL OBJECT ID  last run sysversions    0   lt  gt  0 DROP TABLE last run sysversions CREATE TABLE last run sysversions       name varchar 128        id int  base schema ver int      schema ver int      type char 2      Normal running mode  You can take the results from this sql  and generate sql scripts for just the ones you re interested in  and put them into a source control of your choice   IF ISNULL OBJECT ID  tempdb dbo  tmp    0   lt  gt  0 DROP TABLE  tmp CREATE TABLE  tmp       name varchar 128        id int  base schema ver int      schema ver int      type char 2     SET NOCOUNT ON  -- Insert the values from the end of the last run into  tmp INSERT  tmp  name  id  base schema ver  schema ver  type   SELECT name  id  base schema ver  schema ver  type FROM last run sysversions  DELETE last run sysversions INSERT last run sysversions  name  id  base schema ver  schema ver  type  SELECT name  id  base schema ver  schema ver  type FROM sysobjects  -- This next bit lists all differences to scripts  SET NOCOUNT OFF  --Renamed  SELECT  renamed  AS ChangeType  t name  o name AS extra info  1 AS Priority FROM sysobjects o INNER JOIN  tmp t ON o id   t id WHERE o name  lt  gt  t name   COLLATE   AND o type IN   TR    P    U    V   UNION   --Changed  using alter  SELECT  changed  AS ChangeType  o name   COLLATE             altered  AS extra info  2 AS Priority FROM sysobjects o INNER JOIN  tmp t ON o id   t id  WHERE      o base schema ver  lt  gt  t base schema ver OR o schema ver       lt  gt  t schema ver   AND  o type IN   TR    P    U    V   AND  o name NOT IN   SELECT oi name           FROM sysobjects oi INNER JOIN  tmp ti ON oi id   ti id          WHERE oi name  lt  gt  ti name   COLLATE            AND oi type IN   TR    P    U    V     UNION  --Changed  actually dropped and recreated  but not renamed   SELECT  changed  AS ChangeType  t name   dropped  AS extra info  2 AS Priority FROM  tmp t WHERE    t name IN   SELECT ti name   COLLATE   FROM  tmp ti          WHERE NOT EXISTS  SELECT   FROM sysobjects oi                            WHERE oi id   ti id   AND  t name IN   SELECT oi name   COLLATE   FROM sysobjects oi          WHERE NOT EXISTS  SELECT   FROM  tmp ti                            WHERE oi id   ti id           AND   oi type  IN   TR    P    U    V    UNION  --Deleted SELECT  deleted  AS ChangeType  t name     AS extra info  0 AS Priority FROM  tmp t WHERE NOT EXISTS  SELECT   FROM sysobjects o                   WHERE o id   t id  AND t name NOT IN    SELECT oi name   COLLATE   FROM sysobjects oi          WHERE NOT EXISTS  SELECT   FROM  tmp ti                            WHERE oi id   ti id           AND   oi type  IN   TR    P    U    V    UNION  --Added SELECT  added  AS ChangeType  o name   COLLATE       AS extra info  4 AS Priority FROM sysobjects o WHERE NOT EXISTS  SELECT   FROM  tmp t                   WHERE o id   t id  AND      o type  IN   TR    P    U    V   AND  o name NOT IN   SELECT ti name   COLLATE   FROM  tmp ti          WHERE NOT EXISTS  SELECT   FROM sysobjects oi                            WHERE oi id   ti id   ORDER BY Priority ASC   Note  If you use a non-standard collation in any of your databases  you will need to replace    COLLATE    with your database collation  i e  COLLATE Latin1 General CI AI

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It s simple    When the base project is ready then you must create full database script  This script is commited to SVN  It is first version  After that all developers creates change scripts  ALTER     new tables  sprocs  etc   When you need current version then you should execute all new change scripts  When app is released to production then you go back to 1  but then it will be successive version of course     Nant will help you to execute those change scripts      And remember  Everything works fine when there is discipline  Every time when database change is commited then corresponding functions in code are commited too

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A while ago I found a VB bas module that used DMO and VSS objects to get an entire db scripted off and into VSS  I turned it into a VB Script and posted it here  You can easily take out the VSS calls and use the DMO stuff to generate all the scripts  and then call SVN from the same batch file that calls the VBScript to check them in

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Every database should be under source-code control   What is lacking is a tool to automatically script all database objects - and  configuration data  - to file  which then can be added to any source control system   If you are using SQL Server  then my solution is here   http   dbsourcetools codeplex com     Have fun  - Nathan

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