Collection was modified enumeration operation may not execute

Question

I can t get to the bottom of this error  because when the debugger is attached  it does not seem to occur   Collection was modified  enumeration operation may not execute  Below is the code  This is a WCF server in a Windows service  The method NotifySubscribers   is called by the service whenever there is a data event  at random intervals  but not very often - about 800 times per day   When a Windows Forms client subscribes  the subscriber ID is added to the subscribers dictionary  and when the client unsubscribes  it is deleted from the dictionary  The error happens when  or after  a client unsubscribes  It appears that the next time the NotifySubscribers   method is called  the foreach   loop fails with the error in the subject line  The method writes the error into the application log as shown in the code below  When a debugger is attached and a client unsubscribes  the code executes fine  Do you see a problem with this code  Do I need to make the dictionary thread-safe   ServiceBehavior InstanceContextMode InstanceContextMode Single   public class SubscriptionServer   ISubscriptionServer       private static IDictionary lt Guid  Subscriber gt  subscribers       public SubscriptionServer                             subscribers   new Dictionary lt Guid  Subscriber gt                public void NotifySubscribers DataRecord sr                foreach Subscriber s in subscribers Values                        try                               s Callback SignalData sr                             catch  Exception e                                DCS WriteToApplicationLog e Message                     System Diagnostics EventLogEntryType Error                    UnsubscribeEvent s ClientId                                          public Guid SubscribeEvent string clientDescription                Subscriber subscriber   new Subscriber            subscriber Callback   OperationContext Current                  GetCallbackChannel lt IDCSCallback gt              subscribers Add subscriber ClientId  subscriber                    return subscriber ClientId             public void UnsubscribeEvent Guid clientId                try                       subscribers Remove clientId                     catch Exception e                        System Diagnostics Debug WriteLine  quot Unsubscribe Error  quot                         e Message

User · Answer

InvalidOperationException-  An InvalidOperationException has occurred  It reports a  collection was modified  in a foreach-loop  Use break statement  Once the object is removed   ex    ArrayList list   new ArrayList      foreach  var item in list        if condition                list remove item           break

User · Answer

Actually the problem seems to me that you are removing elements from the list and expecting to continue to read the list as if nothing had happened   What you really need to do is to start from the end and back to the begining  Even if you remove elements from the list you will be able to continue reading it

User · Answer

Why this error    In general  Net collections do not support being enumerated and modified at the same time  If you try to modify the collection list during enumeration  it raises an exception  So the issue behind this error is  we can not modify the list dictionary while we are looping through the same    One of the solutions  If we iterate a dictionary using a list of its keys  in parallel we can modify the dictionary object  as we are iterating through the key-collection and  not the dictionary and iterating its key collection    Example     get key collection from dictionary into a list to loop through List lt int gt  keys   new List lt int gt  Dictionary Keys       iterating key collection using a simple for-each loop foreach  int key in keys         Now we can perform any modification with values of the dictionary    Dictionary key    Dictionary key  - 1      Here is a blog post about this solution   And for a deep dive in StackOverflow  Why this error occurs

User · Answer

You can copy subscribers dictionary object to a same type of temporary dictionary object and then iterate the temporary dictionary object using foreach loop

User · Answer

When a subscriber unsubscribes you are changing contents of the collection of Subscribers during enumeration   There are several ways to fix this  one being changing the for loop to use an explicit  ToList     public void NotifySubscribers DataRecord sr          foreach Subscriber s in subscribers Values ToList

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I want to point out other case not reflected in any of the answers  I have a Dictionary lt Tkey TValue gt  shared in a multi threaded app  which uses a ReaderWriterLockSlim to protect the read and write operations  This is a reading method that throws the exception  public IEnumerable lt Data gt  GetInfo         List lt Data gt  info   null       cacheLock EnterReadLock        try               info    cache Values SelectMany ce   gt  ce Data      Ad  Tolist   to avoid exc            finally                cacheLock ExitReadLock              return info     In general  it works fine  but from time to time I get the exception  The problem is a subtlety of LINQ  this code returns an IEnumerable lt Info gt   which is still not enumerated after leaving the section protected by the lock  So  it can be changed by other threads before being enumerated  leading to the exception  The solution is to force the enumeration  for example with  ToList   as shown in the comment  In this way  the enumerable is already enumerated before leaving the protected section  So  if using LINQ in a multi-threaded application  be aware to always materialize the queries before leaving the protected regions

User · Answer

What s likely happening is that SignalData is indirectly changing the subscribers dictionary under the hood during the loop and leading to that message   You can verify this by changing foreach Subscriber s in subscribers Values   To foreach Subscriber s in subscribers Values ToList     If I m right  the problem will disappear  Calling subscribers Values ToList   copies the values of subscribers Values to a separate list at the start of the foreach  Nothing else has access to this list  it doesn t even have a variable name    so nothing can modify it inside the loop

User · Answer

You can also lock your subscribers dictionary to prevent it from being modified whenever its being looped    lock  subscribers              foreach  var subscriber in subscribers                              do something

User · Answer

A more efficient way  in my opinion  is to have another list that you declare that you put anything that is  to be removed  into   Then after you finish your main loop  without the  ToList     you do another loop over the  to be removed  list  removing each entry as it happens   So in your class you add   private List lt Guid gt  toBeRemoved   new List lt Guid gt       Then you change it to   public void NotifySubscribers DataRecord sr        toBeRemoved Clear            your unchanged code skipped        foreach   Guid clientId in toBeRemoved                try                       subscribers Remove clientId                     catch Exception e                        System Diagnostics Debug WriteLine  Unsubscribe Error                      e Message                        your unchanged code skipped     public void UnsubscribeEvent Guid clientId        toBeRemoved Add  clientId        This will not only solve your problem  it will prevent you from having to keep creating a list from your dictionary  which is expensive if there are a lot of subscribers in there   Assuming the list of subscribers to be removed on any given iteration is lower than the total number in the list  this should be faster   But of course feel free to profile it to be sure that s the case if there s any doubt in your specific usage situation

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This way should cover a situation of concurrency when the function is called again while is still executing  and items need used only once    while  list Count  gt  0         string Item   list 0       list RemoveAt 0            do here what you need to do with item          If the function get called while is still executing items will not reiterate from the first again as they get deleted as soon as they get used  Should not affect performance much for small lists

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The accepted answer is imprecise and incorrect in the worst case   If changes are made during ToList    you can still end up with an error  Besides lock  which performance and thread-safety needs to be taken into consideration if you have a public member  a proper solution can be using immutable types    In general  an immutable type means that you can t change the state of it once created  So your code should look like   public class SubscriptionServer   ISubscriptionServer       private static ImmutableDictionary lt Guid  Subscriber gt  subscribers   ImmutableDictionary lt Guid  Subscriber gt  Empty      public void SubscribeEvent string id                subscribers   subscribers Add Guid NewGuid    new Subscriber               public void NotifyEvent                 foreach var sub in subscribers Values                               This is always safe                                     This can be especially useful if you have a public member  Other classes can always foreach on the immutable types without worrying about the collection being modified

User · Answer

Okay so what helped me was iterating backwards  I was trying to remove an entry from a list but iterating upwards and it screwed up the loop because the entry didn t exist anymore  for  int x   myList Count - 1  x  gt  -1  x--        myList RemoveAt x

User · Answer

So a different way to solve this problem would be instead of removing the elements create a new dictionary and only add the elements you didnt want to remove then replace the original dictionary with the new one  I don t think this is too much of an efficiency problem because it does not increase the number of times you iterate over the structure

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I had the same issue  and it was solved when I used a for loop instead of foreach      foreach  var item in itemsToBeLast  for  int i   0  i  lt  itemsToBeLast Count  i          var matchingItem   itemsToBeLast FirstOrDefault item   gt  item Detach       if  matchingItem    null             itemsToBeLast Remove matchingItem         continue          allItems Add itemsToBeLast i       attachDetachItem

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Here is a specific scenario that warrants a specialized approach    The Dictionary is enumerated frequently  The Dictionary is modified infrequently    In this scenario creating a copy of the Dictionary  or the Dictionary Values  before every enumeration can be quite costly  My idea about solving this problem is to reuse the same cached copy in multiple enumerations  and watch an IEnumerator of the original Dictionary for exceptions  The enumerator will be cached along with the copied data  and interrogated before starting a new enumeration  In case of an exception the cached copy will be discarded  and a new one will be created  Here is my implementation of this idea   using System  using System Collections  using System Collections Generic  using System Collections ObjectModel  using System Linq   public class EnumerableSnapshot lt T gt    IEnumerable lt T gt   IDisposable       private IEnumerable lt T gt   source      private IEnumerator lt T gt   enumerator      private ReadOnlyCollection lt T gt   cached       public EnumerableSnapshot IEnumerable lt T gt  source                 source   source    throw new ArgumentNullException nameof source               public IEnumerator lt T gt  GetEnumerator                 if   source    null  throw new ObjectDisposedException this GetType   Name           if   enumerator    null                         enumerator    source GetEnumerator                 cached   new ReadOnlyCollection lt T gt   source ToArray                       else                       var modified   false              if   source is ICollection collection     C  7 syntax                               modified    cached Count    collection Count                            if   modified                                try                                        enumerator MoveNext                                      catch  InvalidOperationException                                        modified   true                                              if  modified                                 enumerator Dispose                     enumerator    source GetEnumerator                     cached   new ReadOnlyCollection lt T gt   source ToArray                                     return  cached GetEnumerator               public void Dispose                  enumerator  Dispose             enumerator   null           cached   null           source   null             IEnumerator IEnumerable GetEnumerator     gt  GetEnumerator       public static class EnumerableSnapshotExtensions       public static EnumerableSnapshot lt T gt  ToEnumerableSnapshot lt T gt           this IEnumerable lt T gt  source    gt  new EnumerableSnapshot lt T gt  source       Usage example   private static IDictionary lt Guid  Subscriber gt   subscribers  private static EnumerableSnapshot lt Subscriber gt   subscribersSnapshot         in the constructor   subscribers   new Dictionary lt Guid  Subscriber gt      subscribersSnapshot    subscribers Values ToEnumerableSnapshot            elsewere  foreach  var subscriber in  subscribersSnapshot                  Unfortunately this idea cannot be used currently with the class Dictionary in  NET Core 3 0  because this class does not throw a Collection was modified exception when enumerated and the methods Remove and Clear are invoked  All other containers I checked are behaving consistently  I checked systematically these classes  List lt T gt   Collection lt T gt   ObservableCollection lt T gt   HashSet lt T gt   SortedSet lt T gt   Dictionary lt T V gt  and SortedDictionary lt T V gt   Only the two aforementioned methods of the Dictionary class in  NET Core are not invalidating the enumeration     Update  I fixed the above problem by comparing also the lengths of the cached and the original collection  This fix assumes that the dictionary will be passed directly as an argument to the EnumerableSnapshot s constructor  and its identity will not be hidden by  for example  a projection like  dictionary Select e   gt  e    EnumerableSnapshot       Important  The above class is not thread safe  It is intended to be used from code running exclusively in a single thread

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There is one link where it elaborated very well  amp  solution is also given  Try it if you got proper solution please post here so other can understand  Given solution is ok then like the post so other can try these solution   for you reference original link  - https   bensonxion wordpress com 2012 05 07 serializing-an-ienumerable-produces-collection-was-modified-enumeration-operation-may-not-execute   When we use  Net Serialization classes to serialize an object where its definition contains an Enumerable type  i e   collection  you will be easily getting InvalidOperationException saying  Collection was modified   enumeration operation may not execute  where your coding is under multi-thread scenarios  The bottom cause is that serialization classes will iterate through collection via enumerator  as such   problem goes to trying to iterate through a collection while modifying it   First solution  we can simply use lock as a synchronization solution to ensure that the operation to the List object can only be executed from one thread at a time   Obviously  you will get performance penalty that  if you want to serialize a collection of that object  then for each of them  the lock will be applied   Well   Net 4 0 which makes dealing with multi-threading scenarios handy   for this serializing Collection field problem  I found we can just take benefit from ConcurrentQueue Check MSDN class   which is a thread-safe and FIFO collection and makes code lock-free   Using this class  in its simplicity  the stuff you need to modify for your code are replacing Collection type with it   use Enqueue to add an element to the end of ConcurrentQueue  remove those lock code   Or  if the scenario you are working on do require collection stuff like List  you will need a few more code to adapt ConcurrentQueue into your fields   BTW  ConcurrentQueue doesn  t have a Clear method due to underlying algorithm which doesn  t permit atomically clearing of the collection   so you have to do it yourself  the fastest way is to re-create a new empty ConcurrentQueue for a replacement

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I ve seen many options for this but to me this one was the best   ListItemCollection collection   new ListItemCollection            foreach  ListItem item in ListBox1 Items                        if  item Selected                  collection Add item               Then simply loop through the collection     Be aware that a ListItemCollection can contain duplicates   By default there is nothing preventing duplicates being added to the collection   To avoid duplicates you can do this   ListItemCollection collection   new ListItemCollection                foreach  ListItem item in ListBox1 Items                                if  item Selected  amp  amp   collection Contains item                       collection Add item

[c#] Collection was modified; enumeration operation may not execute

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