[java] Which programming languages can be used to develop in Android?

Possible Duplicate:
Which programming languages can I use on Android Dalvik?

Mostly, Android applications are written in Java. But i heard that its also possible to use Scala or some other languages. And I also read that it's possible to include native C/C++ code.

Is there a refernce/list available that shows which languages can be used?

Clojure can be used, but it's slow.

See also: Clojure fork for Android, and a tutorial.

Scala is supported. See example.

Support for other languages is problematic:

7) Something like the dx tool can be forced into the phone, so that Java code could in principle continue to generate bytecodes, yet have them be translated into a VM-runnable form. But, at present, Java code cannot be generated on the fly. This means Dalvik cannot run dynamic languages (JRuby, Jython, Groovy). Yet. (Perhaps the dex format needs a detuned variant which can be easily generated from bytecodes.)

Java and C:

• C used for low level functionalities and device connectivities
• Java used for Framework and Application Level

You may find more information in Android developers site.

Here's a list of languages that can be used to develop on android:

• Java - primary android development language

• Kotlin, language from JetBrains which received first-party support from Google, announced in Google I/O 2017

• C++ - NDK for libraries, not apps

• Python, bash, et. al. - Via the Scripting Environment

• Corona- One is to use the Corona SDK . Corona is a high level SDK built on the Lua programming language. Lua is much simpler to learn than Java and the SDK takes away a lot of the pain in developing Android app.

• Cordova - which uses HTML5, JavaScript, CSS, and can be extended with Java

• Xamarin technology - that uses c# and in which mono is used for that. Here MonoTouch and Mono for Android are cross-platform implementations of the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) and Common Language Specifications.

As for your second question: android is highly dependent on it's java architecture, I find it unlikely that there will be other primary development languages available any time soon. However, there's no particular reason why someone couldn't implement another language in Java (something like Jython) and use that. However, that surely won't be easier or as performant as just writing the code in Java.

As stated above, many languages are available for developing in Android. Java, C, Scala, C++, several scripting languages etc. Thanks to Mono you are also able to develop using C# and the .Net framework. Here you have some speedcomparisions: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=It8xPqkKxis

I made good experiences with Scala.

I use the simple build tool (sbt: http://code.google.com/p/simple-build-tool/) with the Android-Plugin (http://github.com/jberkel/android-plugin)