encapsulation vs abstraction real world example

Question

For an example of encapsulation i can think of the interaction between a user and a mobile phone  The user does not need to know the internal working of the mobile phone to operate  so this is called abstraction  But where does encapsulation fit in to this example  Could someone please  shed some light on this

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In General words Abstraction is Just Hiding the complex things behind a particular Procedure to make the procedure look simple  Example Monitor ON OFF  --The user doesn t need to know much about all the chips functioning that happens when Monitor is switched ON or OFF  All he needs to know is On Function ON-Monitor is On and on function OFF-Monitor is off     Or Better Look for a car--Everyone Knows that There s a special Gear machine Which changes the gear nobody bother to know what all functionality undergoes for a gear to change  So That s abstraction avoiding unwanted implementations to prevent Complexity    So If a developer provides a good abstraction  users won t be tempted to peek at the object s internal mechanisms   Abstraction is achieved by making class abstract having one or more methods abstract  Which is nothing but essential characteristic which should be implemented by the class extending it  e g  when you inventing designing a car you define a characteristics like car should have 4 doors  break  steering wheel etc    so anyone uses this design should include this characteristics  Implementation is not the head each of abstraction  It will just define characteristics which should be included   Encapsulation is restricting a user to follow a particular procedure to access control of a particular process It Just provides safety and ensures system robustness   Example We can consider The HR in a company as a person that works on the principle of Encapsulation i e  we cannot talk to other departments directly we need to communicate through them through HR This ensures security and better maintenance of company s records   Together we can take example of a UNDER CONSTRUCTION BUILDING  where we can say that things like  no  of managers  required Types of Materials No of workers etc as abstraction as they need to there in every Building Construction   But at the same time Inclusion of every such field into a CONTRACTOR which acts as a mediator between the workers and the Building-Investor can be looked upon as Encapsulation  As It hides all the above properties into one Entity      Hence If you would have understood till now you can say that   abstraction is just a subset of ENCAPSULATION i e Every entity that   performs abstraction is encapsulated internally but every thing that   shows encapsulation need not be abstraction always    e g   ToString   Method defined in almost every class is implementation of Abstraction because We don t the functionaltiy Within all we care is that it changes almost everything to string And as it assembles a s a unit it is encapsulated too  But The private members that we hide and access through Properties is an example of encapsulation only as it is done basically keeping data security in mindd      Hope This answers your Question

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Abstraction Means We focus on the essential qualities of some thing rather than one specific example and we automatically discard what is unimportant or irrelevant   Example We are writing a bank account class essential qualities of bank account are Opening date  Account title Account number Balance etc     Encapsulation  Means the idea of capsulation or surrounding some thing not just to keep the content together but also to protect and restrict form accessing out side Along with secrecy It s about reducing dependencies between different parts of the application   Example In our Bank account class Someone accessing the attribute of Balance and trying to change it  Attempt can be successful if there is no encapsulation

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Encapsulation helps in adhering to Single Responsibility principle and Abstraction helps in adhering to Code to Interface and not to implement    Say I have a class for Car   Service Provider  Class  and Driver Class   Service Consumer Class    For Abstraction   we define abstract Class for CAR and define all the abstract methods in it   which are function available in the car like   changeGear    applyBrake      Now the actual Car  Concrete Class i e  like Mercedes   BMW will implement these methods in their own way and abstract the execution and end user will still apply break and change gear for particular concrete car instance and polymorphically the execution will happen as defined in concrete class    For Encapsulation   Now say Mercedes come up with new feature technology  Anti Skid Braking  while implementing the applyBrake    it will encapsulate this feature in applyBrake   method and thus providing cohesion  and service consumer will still access by same method applyBrake   of the car object  Thus Encapsulation lets further in same concrete class implementation

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The wording of your question is odd - Abstraction vs Encapsulation  It should be - someone explain abstraction and encapsulation     Abstraction is understanding the essence of the thing    A real world example is abstract art   The artists of this style try to capture paint the essence of the thing that still allows it to be the thing   This brown smear of 4 lines captures the essence of what a bull is    Encapsulation is black boxing   A cell phone is a great example   I have no idea how the cell phone connects to a satellite  tower  or another phone   I have no idea how the damn thing understands my key presses or how it takes and sends pictures to an email address or another phone number  I have no idea about the intricate details of most of how a modern smart phone works  But  I can use it   The phones have standard interfaces  yes - both literal and software design  that allows someone who understand the basics of one to use almost all of them   How are the two related     Both abstraction and encapsulation are underlying foundations of object oriented thought and design  So  in our cell phone example  The notion of a smart phone is an abstraction  within which certain features and services are encapsulated   The iPhone and Galaxy are further abstractions of the higher level abstraction  Your physical iPhone or Galaxy are concrete examples of multiple layers of abstractions which contain encapsulated features and services

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I feel like encapsulation may make more sense to discuss when you see HOW NOT TO DO in programming  For example  consider a Car class as below    class Car     public float speed  0     public boolean isReverse   false     public boolean isStarted   false       The client code may use above car class as below    class Main    public static void main args String        Car car   new Car          No need to start      car speed   100     Turbo mode directly to 100    car speed   0     Turbo break         See more at  http   brevitaz com encapsulation-example-benefits-java   This is uncontrolled access to car speed and other variables  By encapsulation  Car class can have complete control over how the data variables within car class can be modified   Any concrete entity that has some behavior is example of Encapsulation  The behavior is provided by wrapping up something and hiding something from client In case of mobile  it is signals  chips  circuits  battery and so on    For abstraction of the same example - normal user may say I am ok with anything using which I can make calls and receive calls  This abstraction can be substituted by any concrete mobile  Check out Abstraction examples

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Abstraction   It is used to manage complexities of OOPs  By using this property we can provide essential features of an object to the user without including its background explanations  For example  when sending message to a friend we simply write the message  say  hiiii  and press  send  and the message gets delivered to its destination  her friend   Here we see abstraction at work  ie we are less concerned with the internal working of mobile that is responsible for sending and receiving message

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Just think of Abstraction as hiding the keypad and display screen details   Encapsulation as hiding the internal circuitry that binds them

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Let me give my 2 cents of a real-world example-analogy close to IT   Lets say you have a subscription site  e g a wordpress site  Each user has a role  eg admin  subscriber and so on  Many users can be admins  subscribers etc    So abstraction here is reflected in the fact that any user with admin role can do a set of things  it does not matter which specific user this is  this is an example of abstraction    On the other hand  subscriber users do not have access to certain settings of the site  thus some internals of the application are encapsulated for plain subscribers  this is an example of encapsulation   As one can see abstraction and encapsulation are relative concepts  they apply with respect to something specific   One can follow this line of reasoning and explain polymoprhism and inheritance   For example super-admin users could do all the things admin users could do  plus some more  Moreover  if admin roles get an update in functionality  super-admins would get the same update  Thus one can see here an example of inheritance  in that super-admin roles inherit all the properties of admin roles and extend them  Note that for most part of the site  admins are interchangeable with super-admins  meaning a super-admin user can easily be used in place of an admin user  but not vice-versa in general

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Abstraction   you ll never buy a  device   but always buy something more specific   iPhone  GSII  Nokia 3310    Here  iPhone  GSII and N3310 are concrete things  device is abstract   Encapsulation   you ve got several devices  all of them have got a USB port  You don t know what kind of printed circuit there s back  you just have to know you ll be able to plug a USB cable into it   Abstraction is a concept  which is allowed by encapsulation  My example wasn t the best one  there s no real link between the two blocks    You can do encapsulation without using abstraction  but if you wanna use some abstraction in your projects  you ll need encapsulation

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I guess an egg shell can be consider the encapsulation and the contents the abstraction  The shell protects the information  You cant have the contents of an egg without the shell   LOL

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Abstraction  We use many abstractions in our day-to-day lives Consider a car Most of us have an abstract view of how a car works We know how to interact with it to get it to do what we want it to do  we put in gas  turn a key  press some pedals  and so on  But we don t necessarily understand what is going on inside the car to make it move and we don t need to  Millions of us use cars everyday without understanding the details of how they work Abstraction helps us get to school or work   A program can be designed as a set of interacting abstractions  In Java  these abstractions are captured in classes  The creator of a class obviusly has to know its interface  just as the driver of a car can use the vehicle without knowing how the engine works   Encapsulation  Consider a Banking system Banking system  have  properties like account no account type balance   etc  If someone is trying to change the  balance of the account attempt can be successful if there is no encapsulation   Therefore encapsulation allows class to have complete control over their properties

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If you have seen important TV machine  TV connections and TV color tube is hidden inside the TV case which is not been exposed for viewers like us and exposed only neccessary things of a TV like TV Channel keys  TV volume keys  ON OFF switch  Cable Switch and TV remote control for viewers to use it This means TV machine  TV connections and TV color tube is an unwanted data and not needed for viewers to see is been hidden from outside the world  So encapsulation means hiding the important features of a class which is not been needed to be exposed outside of a class and exposing only necessary things of a class  Here hidden part of a class acts like Encapsulation and exposed part of a class acts like Abstraction

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Everything has many properties and behaviours so take whatever object you want TV  Mobile  Car  Human or anything   Abstraction    Process of picking the essence of an object you really need In other words  pick the properties you need from the object Example  a  TV - Sound  Visuals  Power Input  Channels Input  b  Mobile - Button Touch screen  power button  volume button  sim port  c  Car - Steering  Break  Clutch  Accelerator  Key Hole  d  Human - Voice  Body  Eye Sight  Hearing  Emotions      Encapsulation    Process of hiding the details of an object you don t need In other words  hide the properties and operations you don t need from the object but are required for the object to work properly Example  a  TV - Internal and connections of Speaker  Display  Power distribution b w components  Channel mechanism  b  Mobile - How the input is parsed and processed  How pressing a button on off or changes volumes  how sim will connect to service providers  c  Car - How turning steering turns the car  How break slow or stops the car  How clutch works  How accelerator increases speed  How key hole switch on of the car  d  Human - How voice is produced  What s inside the body  How eye sight works  How hearing works  How emotions generate and effect us     ABSTRACT everything you need and ENCAPSULATE everything you don t need

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Encapsulation is to hide the variables or something inside a class  preventing unauthorized parties to use  So the public methods like getter and setter access it and the other classes call these methods for accessing Abstraction involves the facility to define objects that represent abstract  quot actors quot  that can perform work  report on and change their state  and  quot communicate quot  with other objects in the system  Consider the below real time example  Encapsulation  As a driver you know how to start the car by pressing the start button and internal details of the starting operations are hidden from you  So the entire starting process is hidden from you otherwise we can tell starting operation is encapsulated from you  OR The driving wheel is encapsulated the process of rotating the wheel from you  Abstraction  Before mentioning anything about abstraction  we can take three different users here  I am calling them as entity  1  You 2  Local Mechanic 3  Expert You Entity  Since you know only to start the car by pressing a button and all other operations behind the scene are abstracted from you  Local Mechanic Entity  Our local mechanic knows some of the implementation of starting the car  i e  he can open car s bonnet and check the battery cable or chock etc  So in short Local Mechanic Entity knows some of the implementations of the car  Expert Entity  Since our expert  Designer of the car  mechanic knows all the operations of our car  he can repair it very quickly  So in short Expert Entity knows all the implementations of the car  The car s operation is completely abstracted from you and it is partially implemented to Local Mechanic Entity and fully implemented to Expert Entity  So you are an abstract class having only abstract methods  Local Mechanic Entity has extended You Since he is also an ordinary user  and he implemented some of the methods and last our expert Entity extending Local Mechanic and implementing all the methods  I think this is a good  example

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Abstration which hide internal detail to outside world for example you create a class like calculator one of the class  but for end use you provide object of class  With the help of object they will play and perform operation  He does t aware what type of mechanism use internally  Object of class in abstract form    Encapsulation is the technique of making the fields in a class private and providing access to the fields via public methods  If a field is declared private  it cannot be accessed by anyone outside the class  thereby hiding the fields within the class  For this reason  encapsulation is also referred to as data hiding For example class calculator which contain private methods getAdd getMultiply    Mybe above answer will help you to understand the concept

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Encapsulation is hiding information   Abstraction is hiding the functionality details   Encapsulation is performed by constructing the class  Abstraction is achieved by creating either Abstract Classes or Interfaces on top of your class    In the example given in the question  we are using the class for its functionality and we don t care about how the device achieves that  So we can say the details of the phone are  abstracted  from us    Encapsulation is hiding WHAT THE PHONE USES to achieve whatever it does  Abstraction is hiding HOW IT DOES it -

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Encapsulation is a way to achieve  information hiding  so  following your example  you don t  need to know the internal working of the mobile phone to operate  with it  You have an interface to use the device behaviour without knowing implementation details   Abstraction on the other side  can be explained as the capability to use the same interface for different objects  Different implementations of the same interface can exist  Details are hidden by encapsulation

[oop] encapsulation vs abstraction real world example

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