Are duplicate keys allowed in the definition of binary search trees

Question

I m trying to find the definition of a binary search tree and I keep finding different definitions everywhere    Some say that for any given subtree the left child key is less than or equal to the root   Some say that for any given subtree the right child key is greater than or equal to the root   And my old college data structures book says  every element has a key and no two elements have the same key    Is there a universal definition of a bst  Particularly in regards to what to do with trees with multiple instances of the same key   EDIT  Maybe I was unclear  the definitions I m seeing are  1  left  lt   root  lt  right  2  left  lt  root  lt   right  3  left  lt  root  lt  right  such that no duplicate keys exist

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Duplicate Keys     What happens if there s more than one data item with the same key      This presents a slight problem in red-black trees      It s important that nodes with the same key are distributed on both sides of other nodes with the same key      That is  if keys arrive in the order 50  50  50      you want the second 50 to go to the right of the first one  and the third 50 to go to the left of the first one      Otherwise  the tree becomes unbalanced      This could be handled by some kind of randomizing process in the insertion algorithm      However  the search process then becomes more complicated if all items with the same key must be found      It s simpler to outlaw items with the same key      In this discussion we ll assume duplicates aren t allowed  One can create a linked list for each node of the tree that contains duplicate keys and store data in the list

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Those three things you said are all true    Keys are unique To the left are keys less than this one To the right are keys greater than this one   I suppose you could reverse your tree and put the smaller keys on the right  but really the  left  and  right  concept is just that  a visual concept to help us think about a data structure which doesn t really have a left or right  so it doesn t really matter

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Those three things you said are all true    Keys are unique To the left are keys less than this one To the right are keys greater than this one   I suppose you could reverse your tree and put the smaller keys on the right  but really the  left  and  right  concept is just that  a visual concept to help us think about a data structure which doesn t really have a left or right  so it doesn t really matter

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Many algorithms will specify that duplicates are excluded   For example  the example algorithms in the MIT Algorithms book usually present examples without duplicates   It is fairly trivial to implement duplicates  either as a list at the node  or in one particular direction    Most  that I ve seen  specify left children as  lt   and right children as     Practically speaking  a BST which allows either of the right or left children to be equal to the root node  will require extra computational steps to finish a search where duplicate nodes are allowed   It is best to utilize a list at the node to store duplicates  as inserting an     value to one side of a node requires rewriting the tree on that side to place the node as the child  or the node is placed as a grand-child  at some point below  which eliminates some of the search efficiency   You have to remember  most of the classroom examples are simplified to portray and deliver the concept   They aren t worth squat in many real-world situations   But the statement   every element has a key and no two elements have the same key   is not violated by the use of a list at the element node   So go with what your data structures book said   Edit   Universal Definition of a Binary Search Tree involves storing and search for a key based on traversing a data structure in one of two directions   In the pragmatic sense  that means if the value is  lt    you traverse the data structure in one of two  directions    So  in that sense  duplicate values don t make any sense at all   This is different from BSP  or binary search partition  but not all that different   The algorithm to search has one of two directions for  travel   or it is done  successfully or not    So I apologize that my original answer didn t address the concept of a  universal definition   as duplicates are really a distinct topic  something you deal with after a successful search  not as part of the binary search

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Working on a red-black tree implementation I was getting problems validating the tree with multiple keys until I realized that with the red-black insert rotation  you have to loosen the constraint to   left  lt   root  lt   right  Since none of the documentation I was looking at allowed for duplicate keys and I didn t want to rewrite the rotation methods to account for it  I just decided to modify my nodes to allow for multiple values within the node  and no duplicate keys in the tree

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Any definition is valid   As long as you are consistent in your implementation  always put equal nodes to the right  always put them to the left  or never allow them  then you re fine   I think it is most common to not allow them  but it is still a BST if they are allowed and place either left or right

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If your binary search tree is a red black tree  or you intend to any kind of  tree rotation  operations  duplicate nodes will cause problems   Imagine your tree rule is this   left  lt  root  lt   right  Now imagine a simple tree whose root is 5  left child is nil  and right child is 5   If you do a left rotation on the root you end up with a 5 in the left child and a 5 in the root with the right child being nil   Now something in the left tree is equal to the root  but your rule above assumed left  lt  root   I spent hours trying to figure out why my red black trees would occasionally traverse out of order  the problem was what I described above   Hopefully somebody reads this and saves themselves hours of debugging in the future

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Those three things you said are all true    Keys are unique To the left are keys less than this one To the right are keys greater than this one   I suppose you could reverse your tree and put the smaller keys on the right  but really the  left  and  right  concept is just that  a visual concept to help us think about a data structure which doesn t really have a left or right  so it doesn t really matter

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Many algorithms will specify that duplicates are excluded   For example  the example algorithms in the MIT Algorithms book usually present examples without duplicates   It is fairly trivial to implement duplicates  either as a list at the node  or in one particular direction    Most  that I ve seen  specify left children as  lt   and right children as     Practically speaking  a BST which allows either of the right or left children to be equal to the root node  will require extra computational steps to finish a search where duplicate nodes are allowed   It is best to utilize a list at the node to store duplicates  as inserting an     value to one side of a node requires rewriting the tree on that side to place the node as the child  or the node is placed as a grand-child  at some point below  which eliminates some of the search efficiency   You have to remember  most of the classroom examples are simplified to portray and deliver the concept   They aren t worth squat in many real-world situations   But the statement   every element has a key and no two elements have the same key   is not violated by the use of a list at the element node   So go with what your data structures book said   Edit   Universal Definition of a Binary Search Tree involves storing and search for a key based on traversing a data structure in one of two directions   In the pragmatic sense  that means if the value is  lt    you traverse the data structure in one of two  directions    So  in that sense  duplicate values don t make any sense at all   This is different from BSP  or binary search partition  but not all that different   The algorithm to search has one of two directions for  travel   or it is done  successfully or not    So I apologize that my original answer didn t address the concept of a  universal definition   as duplicates are really a distinct topic  something you deal with after a successful search  not as part of the binary search

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All three definitions are acceptable and correct  They define different variations of a BST   Your college data structure s book failed to clarify that its definition was not the only possible    Certainly  allowing duplicates adds complexity  If you use the definition  left  lt   root  lt  right  and you have a tree like         3             2       4   then adding a  3  duplicate key to this tree will result in         3             2       4            3   Note that the duplicates are not in contiguous levels   This is a big issue when allowing duplicates in a BST representation as the one above  duplicates may be separated by any number of levels  so checking for duplicate s existence is not that simple as just checking for immediate childs of a node   An option to avoid this issue is to not represent duplicates structurally  as separate nodes  but instead use a counter that counts the number of occurrences of the key  The previous example would then have a tree like         3 1                2 1      4 1    and after insertion of the duplicate  3  key it will become         3 2                2 1      4 1    This simplifies lookup  removal and insertion operations  at the expense of some extra bytes and counter operations

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In the book  Introduction to algorithms   third edition  by Cormen  Leiserson  Rivest and Stein  a binary search tree  BST  is explicitly defined as allowing duplicates  This can be seen in figure 12 1 and the following  page 287        The keys in a binary search tree are always stored in such a way as to satisfy the binary-search-tree property  Let x be a node in a binary search tree  If y is a node in the left subtree of x  then y key  lt   x key  If y is a node in the right subtree of x  then y key  gt   x key     In addition  a red-black tree is then defined on page 308 as       A red-black tree is a binary search tree with one extra bit of storage per node  its color    Therefore  red-black trees defined in this book support duplicates

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1   left  lt   root  lt  right 2   left  lt  root  lt   right 3   left  lt  root  lt  right  such that no duplicate keys exist   I might have to go and dig out my algorithm books  but off the top of my head  3  is the canonical form   1  or  2  only come about when you start to allow duplicates nodes and you put duplicate nodes in the tree itself  rather than the node containing a list

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Working on a red-black tree implementation I was getting problems validating the tree with multiple keys until I realized that with the red-black insert rotation  you have to loosen the constraint to   left  lt   root  lt   right  Since none of the documentation I was looking at allowed for duplicate keys and I didn t want to rewrite the rotation methods to account for it  I just decided to modify my nodes to allow for multiple values within the node  and no duplicate keys in the tree

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If your binary search tree is a red black tree  or you intend to any kind of  tree rotation  operations  duplicate nodes will cause problems   Imagine your tree rule is this   left  lt  root  lt   right  Now imagine a simple tree whose root is 5  left child is nil  and right child is 5   If you do a left rotation on the root you end up with a 5 in the left child and a 5 in the root with the right child being nil   Now something in the left tree is equal to the root  but your rule above assumed left  lt  root   I spent hours trying to figure out why my red black trees would occasionally traverse out of order  the problem was what I described above   Hopefully somebody reads this and saves themselves hours of debugging in the future

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I just want to add some more information to what  Robert Paulson answered  Let s assume that node contains key  amp  data  So nodes with the same key might contain different data   So the search must find all nodes with the same key    left  lt   cur  lt  right     left  lt  cur  lt   right     left  lt   cur  lt   right     left  lt  cur  lt  right  amp  amp  cur contain sibling nodes with the same key      left  lt  cur  lt  right  such that no duplicate keys exist    1  amp  2  works fine if the tree does not have any rotation-related functions to prevent skewness  But this form doesn t work with AVL tree or Red-Black tree  because rotation will break the principal  And even if search   finds the node with the key  it must traverse down to the leaf node for the nodes with duplicate key  Making time complexity for search   theta logN  3  will work well with any form of BST with rotation-related functions  But the search will take O n   ruining the purpose of using BST  Say we have the tree as below  with 3  principal           12                    10     20                  9   11  12                     10       12  If we do search 12  on this tree  even tho we found 12 at the root  we must keep search both left  amp  right child to seek for the duplicate key  This takes O n  time as I ve told  4  is my personal favorite  Let s say sibling means the node with the same key  We can change above tree into below           12 - 12 - 12               10 - 10     20             9   11  Now any search will take O logN  because we don t have to traverse children for the duplicate key  And this principal also works well with AVL or RB tree

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In the book  Introduction to algorithms   third edition  by Cormen  Leiserson  Rivest and Stein  a binary search tree  BST  is explicitly defined as allowing duplicates  This can be seen in figure 12 1 and the following  page 287        The keys in a binary search tree are always stored in such a way as to satisfy the binary-search-tree property  Let x be a node in a binary search tree  If y is a node in the left subtree of x  then y key  lt   x key  If y is a node in the right subtree of x  then y key  gt   x key     In addition  a red-black tree is then defined on page 308 as       A red-black tree is a binary search tree with one extra bit of storage per node  its color    Therefore  red-black trees defined in this book support duplicates

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In a BST  all values descending on the left side of a node are less than  or equal to  see later  the node itself   Similarly  all values descending on the right side of a node are greater than  or equal to  that node value a   Some BSTs may choose to allow duplicate values  hence the  quot or equal to quot  qualifiers above  The following example may clarify       14            13    22             1    16    29                        28    29  This shows a BST that allows duplicates b  - you can see that to find a value  you start at the root node and go down the left or right subtree depending on whether your search value is less than or greater than the node value  This can be done recursively with something like  def hasVal  node  srchval       if node    NULL           return false     if node val    srchval          return true     if node val  gt  srchval          return hasVal  node left  srchval      return hasVal  node right  srchval   and calling it with  foundIt   hasVal  rootNode  valToLookFor   Duplicates add a little complexity since you may need to keep searching once you ve found your value  for other nodes of the same value  Obviously that doesn t matter for hasVal since it doesn t matter how many there are  just whether at least one exists  It will however matter for things like countVal  since it needs to know how many there are    a  You could actually sort them in the opposite direction should you so wish provided you adjust how you search for a specific key  A BST need only maintain some sorted order  whether that s ascending or descending  or even some weird multi-layer-sort method like all odd numbers ascending  then all even numbers descending  is not relevant    b  Interestingly  if your sorting key uses the entire value stored at a node  so that nodes containing the same key have no other extra information to distinguish them   there can be performance gains from adding a count to each node  rather than allowing duplicate nodes  The main benefit is that adding or removing a duplicate will simply modify the count rather than inserting or deleting a new node  an action that may require re-balancing the tree   So  to add an item  you first check if it already exists  If so  just increment the count and exit  If not  you need to insert a new node with a count of one then rebalance  To remove an item  you find it then decrement the count - only if the resultant count is zero do you then remove the actual node from the tree and rebalance  Searches are also quicker given there are fewer nodes but that may not be a large impact  For example  the following two trees  non-counting on the left  and counting on the right  would be equivalent  in the counting tree  i c means c copies of item i          14                         22 2                                                 14        22             7 1            29 1                                                 1    14  22    29      1 1     14 3  28 1      30 1                      7         28    30  Removing the leaf-node 22 from the left tree would involve rebalancing  since it now has a height differential of two  the resulting 22-29-28-30 subtree such as below  this is one option  there are others that also satisfy the  quot height differential must be zero or one quot  rule                             22                     29                                 29      -- gt       28    30                        28    30         22  Doing the same operation on the right tree is a simple modification of the root node from 22 2 to 22 1  with no rebalancing required

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Those three things you said are all true    Keys are unique To the left are keys less than this one To the right are keys greater than this one   I suppose you could reverse your tree and put the smaller keys on the right  but really the  left  and  right  concept is just that  a visual concept to help us think about a data structure which doesn t really have a left or right  so it doesn t really matter

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The elements ordering relation  lt   is a total order so the relation must be reflexive but commonly a binary search tree  aka BST  is a tree without duplicates    Otherwise if there are duplicates you need run twice or more the same function of deletion

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Many algorithms will specify that duplicates are excluded   For example  the example algorithms in the MIT Algorithms book usually present examples without duplicates   It is fairly trivial to implement duplicates  either as a list at the node  or in one particular direction    Most  that I ve seen  specify left children as  lt   and right children as     Practically speaking  a BST which allows either of the right or left children to be equal to the root node  will require extra computational steps to finish a search where duplicate nodes are allowed   It is best to utilize a list at the node to store duplicates  as inserting an     value to one side of a node requires rewriting the tree on that side to place the node as the child  or the node is placed as a grand-child  at some point below  which eliminates some of the search efficiency   You have to remember  most of the classroom examples are simplified to portray and deliver the concept   They aren t worth squat in many real-world situations   But the statement   every element has a key and no two elements have the same key   is not violated by the use of a list at the element node   So go with what your data structures book said   Edit   Universal Definition of a Binary Search Tree involves storing and search for a key based on traversing a data structure in one of two directions   In the pragmatic sense  that means if the value is  lt    you traverse the data structure in one of two  directions    So  in that sense  duplicate values don t make any sense at all   This is different from BSP  or binary search partition  but not all that different   The algorithm to search has one of two directions for  travel   or it is done  successfully or not    So I apologize that my original answer didn t address the concept of a  universal definition   as duplicates are really a distinct topic  something you deal with after a successful search  not as part of the binary search

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In a BST  all values descending on the left side of a node are less than  or equal to  see later  the node itself   Similarly  all values descending on the right side of a node are greater than  or equal to  that node value a   Some BSTs may choose to allow duplicate values  hence the  quot or equal to quot  qualifiers above  The following example may clarify       14            13    22             1    16    29                        28    29  This shows a BST that allows duplicates b  - you can see that to find a value  you start at the root node and go down the left or right subtree depending on whether your search value is less than or greater than the node value  This can be done recursively with something like  def hasVal  node  srchval       if node    NULL           return false     if node val    srchval          return true     if node val  gt  srchval          return hasVal  node left  srchval      return hasVal  node right  srchval   and calling it with  foundIt   hasVal  rootNode  valToLookFor   Duplicates add a little complexity since you may need to keep searching once you ve found your value  for other nodes of the same value  Obviously that doesn t matter for hasVal since it doesn t matter how many there are  just whether at least one exists  It will however matter for things like countVal  since it needs to know how many there are    a  You could actually sort them in the opposite direction should you so wish provided you adjust how you search for a specific key  A BST need only maintain some sorted order  whether that s ascending or descending  or even some weird multi-layer-sort method like all odd numbers ascending  then all even numbers descending  is not relevant    b  Interestingly  if your sorting key uses the entire value stored at a node  so that nodes containing the same key have no other extra information to distinguish them   there can be performance gains from adding a count to each node  rather than allowing duplicate nodes  The main benefit is that adding or removing a duplicate will simply modify the count rather than inserting or deleting a new node  an action that may require re-balancing the tree   So  to add an item  you first check if it already exists  If so  just increment the count and exit  If not  you need to insert a new node with a count of one then rebalance  To remove an item  you find it then decrement the count - only if the resultant count is zero do you then remove the actual node from the tree and rebalance  Searches are also quicker given there are fewer nodes but that may not be a large impact  For example  the following two trees  non-counting on the left  and counting on the right  would be equivalent  in the counting tree  i c means c copies of item i          14                         22 2                                                 14        22             7 1            29 1                                                 1    14  22    29      1 1     14 3  28 1      30 1                      7         28    30  Removing the leaf-node 22 from the left tree would involve rebalancing  since it now has a height differential of two  the resulting 22-29-28-30 subtree such as below  this is one option  there are others that also satisfy the  quot height differential must be zero or one quot  rule                             22                     29                                 29      -- gt       28    30                        28    30         22  Doing the same operation on the right tree is a simple modification of the root node from 22 2 to 22 1  with no rebalancing required

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1   left  lt   root  lt  right 2   left  lt  root  lt   right 3   left  lt  root  lt  right  such that no duplicate keys exist   I might have to go and dig out my algorithm books  but off the top of my head  3  is the canonical form   1  or  2  only come about when you start to allow duplicates nodes and you put duplicate nodes in the tree itself  rather than the node containing a list

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The elements ordering relation  lt   is a total order so the relation must be reflexive but commonly a binary search tree  aka BST  is a tree without duplicates    Otherwise if there are duplicates you need run twice or more the same function of deletion

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All three definitions are acceptable and correct  They define different variations of a BST   Your college data structure s book failed to clarify that its definition was not the only possible    Certainly  allowing duplicates adds complexity  If you use the definition  left  lt   root  lt  right  and you have a tree like         3             2       4   then adding a  3  duplicate key to this tree will result in         3             2       4            3   Note that the duplicates are not in contiguous levels   This is a big issue when allowing duplicates in a BST representation as the one above  duplicates may be separated by any number of levels  so checking for duplicate s existence is not that simple as just checking for immediate childs of a node   An option to avoid this issue is to not represent duplicates structurally  as separate nodes  but instead use a counter that counts the number of occurrences of the key  The previous example would then have a tree like         3 1                2 1      4 1    and after insertion of the duplicate  3  key it will become         3 2                2 1      4 1    This simplifies lookup  removal and insertion operations  at the expense of some extra bytes and counter operations

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1   left  lt   root  lt  right 2   left  lt  root  lt   right 3   left  lt  root  lt  right  such that no duplicate keys exist   I might have to go and dig out my algorithm books  but off the top of my head  3  is the canonical form   1  or  2  only come about when you start to allow duplicates nodes and you put duplicate nodes in the tree itself  rather than the node containing a list

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Any definition is valid   As long as you are consistent in your implementation  always put equal nodes to the right  always put them to the left  or never allow them  then you re fine   I think it is most common to not allow them  but it is still a BST if they are allowed and place either left or right

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Any definition is valid   As long as you are consistent in your implementation  always put equal nodes to the right  always put them to the left  or never allow them  then you re fine   I think it is most common to not allow them  but it is still a BST if they are allowed and place either left or right

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I just want to add some more information to what  Robert Paulson answered  Let s assume that node contains key  amp  data  So nodes with the same key might contain different data   So the search must find all nodes with the same key    left  lt   cur  lt  right     left  lt  cur  lt   right     left  lt   cur  lt   right     left  lt  cur  lt  right  amp  amp  cur contain sibling nodes with the same key      left  lt  cur  lt  right  such that no duplicate keys exist    1  amp  2  works fine if the tree does not have any rotation-related functions to prevent skewness  But this form doesn t work with AVL tree or Red-Black tree  because rotation will break the principal  And even if search   finds the node with the key  it must traverse down to the leaf node for the nodes with duplicate key  Making time complexity for search   theta logN  3  will work well with any form of BST with rotation-related functions  But the search will take O n   ruining the purpose of using BST  Say we have the tree as below  with 3  principal           12                    10     20                  9   11  12                     10       12  If we do search 12  on this tree  even tho we found 12 at the root  we must keep search both left  amp  right child to seek for the duplicate key  This takes O n  time as I ve told  4  is my personal favorite  Let s say sibling means the node with the same key  We can change above tree into below           12 - 12 - 12               10 - 10     20             9   11  Now any search will take O logN  because we don t have to traverse children for the duplicate key  And this principal also works well with AVL or RB tree

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Many algorithms will specify that duplicates are excluded   For example  the example algorithms in the MIT Algorithms book usually present examples without duplicates   It is fairly trivial to implement duplicates  either as a list at the node  or in one particular direction    Most  that I ve seen  specify left children as  lt   and right children as     Practically speaking  a BST which allows either of the right or left children to be equal to the root node  will require extra computational steps to finish a search where duplicate nodes are allowed   It is best to utilize a list at the node to store duplicates  as inserting an     value to one side of a node requires rewriting the tree on that side to place the node as the child  or the node is placed as a grand-child  at some point below  which eliminates some of the search efficiency   You have to remember  most of the classroom examples are simplified to portray and deliver the concept   They aren t worth squat in many real-world situations   But the statement   every element has a key and no two elements have the same key   is not violated by the use of a list at the element node   So go with what your data structures book said   Edit   Universal Definition of a Binary Search Tree involves storing and search for a key based on traversing a data structure in one of two directions   In the pragmatic sense  that means if the value is  lt    you traverse the data structure in one of two  directions    So  in that sense  duplicate values don t make any sense at all   This is different from BSP  or binary search partition  but not all that different   The algorithm to search has one of two directions for  travel   or it is done  successfully or not    So I apologize that my original answer didn t address the concept of a  universal definition   as duplicates are really a distinct topic  something you deal with after a successful search  not as part of the binary search

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If your binary search tree is a red black tree  or you intend to any kind of  tree rotation  operations  duplicate nodes will cause problems   Imagine your tree rule is this   left  lt  root  lt   right  Now imagine a simple tree whose root is 5  left child is nil  and right child is 5   If you do a left rotation on the root you end up with a 5 in the left child and a 5 in the root with the right child being nil   Now something in the left tree is equal to the root  but your rule above assumed left  lt  root   I spent hours trying to figure out why my red black trees would occasionally traverse out of order  the problem was what I described above   Hopefully somebody reads this and saves themselves hours of debugging in the future

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Duplicate Keys     What happens if there s more than one data item with the same key      This presents a slight problem in red-black trees      It s important that nodes with the same key are distributed on both sides of other nodes with the same key      That is  if keys arrive in the order 50  50  50      you want the second 50 to go to the right of the first one  and the third 50 to go to the left of the first one      Otherwise  the tree becomes unbalanced      This could be handled by some kind of randomizing process in the insertion algorithm      However  the search process then becomes more complicated if all items with the same key must be found      It s simpler to outlaw items with the same key      In this discussion we ll assume duplicates aren t allowed  One can create a linked list for each node of the tree that contains duplicate keys and store data in the list

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In a BST  all values descending on the left side of a node are less than  or equal to  see later  the node itself   Similarly  all values descending on the right side of a node are greater than  or equal to  that node value a   Some BSTs may choose to allow duplicate values  hence the  quot or equal to quot  qualifiers above  The following example may clarify       14            13    22             1    16    29                        28    29  This shows a BST that allows duplicates b  - you can see that to find a value  you start at the root node and go down the left or right subtree depending on whether your search value is less than or greater than the node value  This can be done recursively with something like  def hasVal  node  srchval       if node    NULL           return false     if node val    srchval          return true     if node val  gt  srchval          return hasVal  node left  srchval      return hasVal  node right  srchval   and calling it with  foundIt   hasVal  rootNode  valToLookFor   Duplicates add a little complexity since you may need to keep searching once you ve found your value  for other nodes of the same value  Obviously that doesn t matter for hasVal since it doesn t matter how many there are  just whether at least one exists  It will however matter for things like countVal  since it needs to know how many there are    a  You could actually sort them in the opposite direction should you so wish provided you adjust how you search for a specific key  A BST need only maintain some sorted order  whether that s ascending or descending  or even some weird multi-layer-sort method like all odd numbers ascending  then all even numbers descending  is not relevant    b  Interestingly  if your sorting key uses the entire value stored at a node  so that nodes containing the same key have no other extra information to distinguish them   there can be performance gains from adding a count to each node  rather than allowing duplicate nodes  The main benefit is that adding or removing a duplicate will simply modify the count rather than inserting or deleting a new node  an action that may require re-balancing the tree   So  to add an item  you first check if it already exists  If so  just increment the count and exit  If not  you need to insert a new node with a count of one then rebalance  To remove an item  you find it then decrement the count - only if the resultant count is zero do you then remove the actual node from the tree and rebalance  Searches are also quicker given there are fewer nodes but that may not be a large impact  For example  the following two trees  non-counting on the left  and counting on the right  would be equivalent  in the counting tree  i c means c copies of item i          14                         22 2                                                 14        22             7 1            29 1                                                 1    14  22    29      1 1     14 3  28 1      30 1                      7         28    30  Removing the leaf-node 22 from the left tree would involve rebalancing  since it now has a height differential of two  the resulting 22-29-28-30 subtree such as below  this is one option  there are others that also satisfy the  quot height differential must be zero or one quot  rule                             22                     29                                 29      -- gt       28    30                        28    30         22  Doing the same operation on the right tree is a simple modification of the root node from 22 2 to 22 1  with no rebalancing required

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In a BST  all values descending on the left side of a node are less than  or equal to  see later  the node itself   Similarly  all values descending on the right side of a node are greater than  or equal to  that node value a   Some BSTs may choose to allow duplicate values  hence the  quot or equal to quot  qualifiers above  The following example may clarify       14            13    22             1    16    29                        28    29  This shows a BST that allows duplicates b  - you can see that to find a value  you start at the root node and go down the left or right subtree depending on whether your search value is less than or greater than the node value  This can be done recursively with something like  def hasVal  node  srchval       if node    NULL           return false     if node val    srchval          return true     if node val  gt  srchval          return hasVal  node left  srchval      return hasVal  node right  srchval   and calling it with  foundIt   hasVal  rootNode  valToLookFor   Duplicates add a little complexity since you may need to keep searching once you ve found your value  for other nodes of the same value  Obviously that doesn t matter for hasVal since it doesn t matter how many there are  just whether at least one exists  It will however matter for things like countVal  since it needs to know how many there are    a  You could actually sort them in the opposite direction should you so wish provided you adjust how you search for a specific key  A BST need only maintain some sorted order  whether that s ascending or descending  or even some weird multi-layer-sort method like all odd numbers ascending  then all even numbers descending  is not relevant    b  Interestingly  if your sorting key uses the entire value stored at a node  so that nodes containing the same key have no other extra information to distinguish them   there can be performance gains from adding a count to each node  rather than allowing duplicate nodes  The main benefit is that adding or removing a duplicate will simply modify the count rather than inserting or deleting a new node  an action that may require re-balancing the tree   So  to add an item  you first check if it already exists  If so  just increment the count and exit  If not  you need to insert a new node with a count of one then rebalance  To remove an item  you find it then decrement the count - only if the resultant count is zero do you then remove the actual node from the tree and rebalance  Searches are also quicker given there are fewer nodes but that may not be a large impact  For example  the following two trees  non-counting on the left  and counting on the right  would be equivalent  in the counting tree  i c means c copies of item i          14                         22 2                                                 14        22             7 1            29 1                                                 1    14  22    29      1 1     14 3  28 1      30 1                      7         28    30  Removing the leaf-node 22 from the left tree would involve rebalancing  since it now has a height differential of two  the resulting 22-29-28-30 subtree such as below  this is one option  there are others that also satisfy the  quot height differential must be zero or one quot  rule                             22                     29                                 29      -- gt       28    30                        28    30         22  Doing the same operation on the right tree is a simple modification of the root node from 22 2 to 22 1  with no rebalancing required

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1   left  lt   root  lt  right 2   left  lt  root  lt   right 3   left  lt  root  lt  right  such that no duplicate keys exist   I might have to go and dig out my algorithm books  but off the top of my head  3  is the canonical form   1  or  2  only come about when you start to allow duplicates nodes and you put duplicate nodes in the tree itself  rather than the node containing a list

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If your binary search tree is a red black tree  or you intend to any kind of  tree rotation  operations  duplicate nodes will cause problems   Imagine your tree rule is this   left  lt  root  lt   right  Now imagine a simple tree whose root is 5  left child is nil  and right child is 5   If you do a left rotation on the root you end up with a 5 in the left child and a 5 in the root with the right child being nil   Now something in the left tree is equal to the root  but your rule above assumed left  lt  root   I spent hours trying to figure out why my red black trees would occasionally traverse out of order  the problem was what I described above   Hopefully somebody reads this and saves themselves hours of debugging in the future

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Any definition is valid   As long as you are consistent in your implementation  always put equal nodes to the right  always put them to the left  or never allow them  then you re fine   I think it is most common to not allow them  but it is still a BST if they are allowed and place either left or right

[data-structures] Are duplicate keys allowed in the definition of binary search trees?

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