[matlab] How to normalize a vector in MATLAB efficiently? Any related built-in function?

The only problem you would run into is if the norm of V is zero (or very close to it). This could give you Inf or NaN when you divide, along with a divide-by-zero warning. If you don't care about getting an Inf or NaN, you can just turn the warning on and off using WARNING:

oldState = warning('off','MATLAB:divideByZero');  % Return previous state then
                                                  %   turn off DBZ warning
uV = V/norm(V);
warning(oldState);  % Restore previous state

If you don't want any Inf or NaN values, you have to check the size of the norm first:

normV = norm(V);
if normV > 0,  % Or some other threshold, like EPS
  uV = V/normV;
else,
  uV = V;  % Do nothing since it's basically 0
end

If I need it in a program, I usually put the above code in my own function, usually called unit (since it basically turns a vector into a unit vector pointing in the same direction).

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