Should functions return null or an empty object

Question

What is the best practice when returning data from functions   Is it better to return a Null or an empty object   And why should one do one over the other   Consider this   public UserEntity GetUserById Guid userId           Imagine some code here to access database              Check if data was returned and return a null if none found      if   DataExists          return null             Should I be doing this here instead             return new UserEntity           else         return existingUserEntity      Lets pretend that there would be valid cases in this program that there would be no user information in the database with that GUID   I Would imagine that it would not be appropriate to throw an exception in this case    Also I am under the impression that exception handling can hurt performance

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It will vary based on context  but I will generally return null if I m looking for one particular object  as in your example  and return an empty collection if I m looking for a set of objects but there are none   If you ve made a mistake in your code and returning null leads to null pointer exceptions  then the sooner you catch that the better   If you return an empty object  initial use of it may work  but you may get errors later

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For collection types I would return an Empty Collection  for all other types I prefer using the NullObject patterns for returning an object that implements the same interface as that of the returning type  for details about the pattern check out link text  Using the NullObject pattern this would be  -  public UserEntity GetUserById Guid userId             Imagine some code here to access database          Check if data was returned and return a null if none found  if   DataExists      return new NullUserEntity      Should I be doing this here instead  return new UserEntity       else     return existingUserEntity       class NullUserEntity  IUserEntity   public string getFirstName    return

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I d say return null instead of an empty object   But the specific instance that you have mentioned here   you are searching for an user by user id  which is sort  of the key to that user  in that case I d probably want  to to throw an exception if no user instance instance is  found    This is the rule I generally follow    If no result found on a find by primary key operation   throw ObjectNotFoundException  If no result found on a find by any other criteria   return null  If no result found on a find by a non-key criteria that may return a multiple objects return an empty collection

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More meat to grind  let s say my DAL returns a NULL for GetPersonByID as advised by some  What should my  rather thin  BLL do if it receives a NULL  Pass that NULL on up and let the end consumer worry about it  in this case  an ASP Net page   How about having the BLL throw an exception   The BLL may be being used by ASP Net and Win App  or another class library - I think it is unfair to expect the end consumer to intrinsically  know  that the method GetPersonByID returns a null  unless null types are used  I guess    My take  for what it s worth  is that my DAL returns NULL if nothing is found  FOR SOME OBJECTS  that s ok - it could be a 0 many list of things  so not having any things is fine  e g  a list of favourite books   In this case  my BLL returns an empty list  For most single entity things  e g  user  account  invoice  if I don t have one  then that s definitely a problem and a throw a costly exception  However  seeing as retrieving a user by a unique identifier that s been previously given by the application should always return a user  the exception is a  proper  exception  as in it s exceptional  The end consumer of the BLL  ASP Net  f rinstance  only ever expects things to be hunky-dory  so an Unhandled Exception Handler will be used instead of wrapping every single call to GetPersonByID in a try - catch block   If there is a glaring problem in my approach  please let me know as I am always keen to learn  As other posters have said  exceptions are costly things  and the  checking first  approach is good  but exceptions should be just that - exceptional   I m enjoying this post  lot s of good suggestions for  it depends  scenarios  -

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I tend to   return null if the object id doesn t exist when it s not known beforehand whether it should exist  throw if the object id doesn t exist when it should exist    I differentiate these two scenarios with these three types of methods  First   Boolean TryGetSomeObjectById Int32 id  out SomeObject o        if  InternalIdExists id                 o   InternalGetSomeObject id            return true            else               return false            Second   SomeObject FindSomeObjectById Int32 id        SomeObject o       return TryGetObjectById id  out o    o   null      Third   SomeObject GetSomeObjectById Int32 id        SomeObject o       if   TryGetObjectById id  out o                 throw new SomeAppropriateException               return o

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Personally  I use NULL  It makes clear that there is no data to return  But there are cases when a Null Object may be usefull

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To put what others have said in a pithier manner     Exceptions are for Exceptional circumstances  If this method is pure data access layer  I would say that given some parameter that gets included in a select statement  it would expect that I may not find any rows from which to build an object  and therefore returning null would be acceptable as this is data access logic    On the other hand  if I expected my parameter to reflect a primary key and I should only get one row back  if I got more than one back I would throw an exception  0 is ok to return null  2 is not   Now  if I had some login code that checked against an LDAP provider then checked against a DB to get more details and I expected those should be in sync at all times  I might toss the exception then  As others said  it s business rules   Now I ll say that is a general rule  There are times where you may want to break that  However  my experience and experiments with C   lots of that  and Java a bit of that  has taught me that it is much more expensive performance wise to deal with exceptions than to handle predictable issues via conditional logic  I m talking to the tune of 2 or 3 orders of magnitude more expensive in some cases  So  if it s possible your code could end up in a loop  then I would advise returning null and testing for it

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I m a french IT student  so excuse my poor english  In our classes we are being told that such a method should never return null  nor an empty object  The user of this method is supposed to check first that the object he is looking for exists before trying to get it   Using Java  we are asked to add a assert exists object     You shouldn t try to access an object that doesn t exist   at the beginning of any method that could return null  to express the  precondition   I don t know what is the word in english    IMO this is really not easy to use but that s what I m using  waiting for something better

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I like not to return null from any method  but to use Option functional type instead  Methods that can return no result return an empty Option  rather than null   Also  such methods that can return no result should indicate that through their name  I normally put Try or TryGet or TryFind at the beginning of the method s name to indicate that it may return an empty result  e g  TryFindCustomer  TryLoadFile  etc     That lets the caller apply different techniques  like collection pipelining  see Martin Fowler s Collection Pipeline  on the result   Here is another example where returning Option instead of null is used to reduce code complexity  How to Reduce Cyclomatic Complexity  Option Functional Type

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I prefer null  since it s compatible with the null-coalescing operator

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The best in this case return  null  in a case there no a such user  Also make your method static   Edit   Usually methods like this are members of some  User  class and don t have an access to its instance members  In this case the method should be static  otherwise you must create an instance of  User  and then call GetUserById method which will return another  User  instance  Agree this is confusing  But if GetUserById method is member of some  DatabaseFactory  class - no problem to leave it as an instance member

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Interesting question and I think there is no  right  answer  since it always depends on the responsibility of your code  Does your method know if no found data is a problem or not  In most cases the answer is  no  and that s why returning null and letting the caller handling he situation is perfect   Maybe a good approach to distinguish throwing methods from null-returning methods is to find a convention in your team  Methods that say they  get  something should throw an exception if there is nothing to get  Methods that may return null could be named differently  perhaps  Find     instead

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It depends on what makes the most sense for your case   Does it make sense to return null  e g   no such user exists    Or does it make sense to create a default user  This makes the most sense when you can safely assume that if a user DOESN T exist  the calling code intends for one to exist when they ask for it   Or does it make sense to throw an exception  a la  FileNotFound   if the calling code is demanding a user with an invalid ID   However - from a separation of concerns SRP standpoint  the first two are more correct  And technically the first is the most correct  but only by a hair  - GetUserById should only be responsible for one thing - getting the user  Handling its own  user does not exist  case by returning something else could be a violation of SRP  Separating into a different check - bool DoesUserExist id  would be appropriate if you do choose to throw an exception   Based on extensive comments below  if this is an API-level design question  this method could be analogous to  OpenFile  or  ReadEntireFile   We are  opening  a user from some repository and hydrating the object from the resultant data  An exception could be appropriate in this case  It might not be  but it could be    All approaches are acceptable - it just depends  based on the larger context of the API application

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I agree with most posts here  which tend towards null   My reasoning is that generating an empty object with non-nullable properties may cause bugs  For example  an entity with an int ID property would have an initial value of ID   0  which is an entirely valid value  Should that object  under some circumstance  get saved to database  it would be a bad thing   For anything with an iterator I would always use the empty collection  Something like  foreach  var eachValue in collection    new List lt Type gt  0     is code smell in my opinion  Collection properties shouldn t be null  ever   An edge case is String  Many people say  String IsNullOrEmpty isn t really necessary  but you cannot always distinguish between an empty string and null  Furthermore  some database systems  Oracle  won t distinguish between them at all     gets stored as DBNULL   so you re forced to handle them equally  The reason for that is  most string values either come from user input or from external systems  while neither textboxes nor most exchange formats have different representations for    and null  So even if the user wants to remove a value  he cannot do anything more than clearing the input control  Also the distinction of nullable and non-nullable nvarchar database fields is more than questionable  if your DBMS is not oracle - a mandatory field that allows    is weird  your UI would never allow this  so your constraints do not map   So the answer here  in my opinion is  handle them equally  always   Concerning your question regarding exceptions and performance  If you throw an exception which you cannot handle completely in your program logic  you have to abort  at some point  whatever your program is doing  and ask the user to redo whatever he just did  In that case  the performance penalty of a catch is really the least of your worries - having to ask the user is the elephant in the room  which means re-rendering the whole UI  or sending some HTML through the internet   So if you don t follow the anti-pattern of  Program Flow with Exceptions   don t bother  just throw one if it makes sense  Even in borderline cases  such as  Validation Exception   performance is really not an issue  since you have to ask the user again  in any case

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An Asynchronous TryGet Pattern   For synchronous methods  I believe  Johann Gerell s answer is the pattern to use in all cases   However the TryGet pattern with the out parameter does not work with Async methods   With C  7 s Tuple Literals you can now do this   async Task lt  bool success  SomeObject o  gt  TryGetSomeObjectByIdAsync Int32 id        if  InternalIdExists id                 o   await InternalGetSomeObjectAsync id            return  true  o             else               return  false  default SomeObject

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If the object returned is something that can be iterated over  I would return an empty object  so that I don t have to test for null first   Example   bool IsAdministrator User user        var groupsOfUser   GetGroupsOfUser user           This foreach would cause a run time exception if groupsOfUser is null      foreach  var groupOfUser in groupsOfUser                 if  groupOfUser Name     Administrators                         return true                       return false

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I personally return a default instance of the object   The reason is that I expect the method to return zero to many or zero to one  depending on the method s purpose    The only reason that it would be an error state of any kind  using this approach  is if the method returned no object s  and was always expected to  in terms of a one to many or singular return    As to the assumption that this is a business domain question - I just do not see it from that side of the equation   Normalization of return types is a valid application architecture question   At the very least  it is subject for standardization in coding practices   I doubt that there is a business user who is going to say  in scenario X  just give them a null

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I personally would return null  because that is how I would expect the DAL Repository layer to act     If it doesn t exist  don t return anything that could be construed as successfully fetching an object  null works beautifully here   The most important thing is to be consistant across your DAL Repos Layer  that way you don t get confused on how to use it

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Returning null is usually the best idea if you intend to indicate that no data is available    An empty object implies data has been returned  whereas returning null clearly indicates that nothing has been returned   Additionally  returning a null will result in a null exception if you attempt to access members in the object  which can be useful for highlighting buggy code - attempting to access a member of nothing makes no sense  Accessing members of an empty object will not fail meaning bugs can go undiscovered

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I typically return null  It provides a quick and easy mechanism to detect if something screwed up without throwing exceptions and using tons of try catch all over the place

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If your return type is an array then return an empty array otherwise return null

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I think functions should not return null  for the health of your code-base  I can think of a few reasons   There will be a large quantity of guard clauses treating null reference if  f      null    What is null  is it an accepted answer or a problem  Is null a valid state for a specific object   imagine that you are a client for the code   I mean all reference types can be null  but should they   Having null hanging around will almost always give a few unexpected NullRef exceptions from time to time as your code-base grows   There are some solutions  tester-doer pattern or implementing the option type from functional programming

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Forgive my pseudo-php code   I think it really depends on the intended use of the result    If you intend to edit modify the return value and save it  then return an empty object  That way  you can use the same function to populate data on a new or existing object    Say I have a function that takes a primary key and an array of data  fills the row with data  then saves the resulting record to the db  Since I m intending to populate the object with my data either way  it can be a huge advantage to get an empty object back from the getter  That way  I can perform identical operations in either case  You use the result of the getter function no matter what    Example   function saveTheRow  prim key   data         row   getRowByPrimKey  prim key           Populate the data here       row- gt save        Here we can see that the same series of operations manipulates all records of this type   However  if the ultimate intent of the return value is to read and do something with the data  then I would return null  This way  I can very quickly determine if there was no data returned and display the appropriate message to the user    Usually  I ll catch exceptions in my function that retrieves the data  so I can log error messages  etc     then return null straight from the catch  It generally doesn t matter to the end user what the problem is  so I find it best to encapsulate my error logging processing directly in the function that gets the data  If you re maintaining a shared codebase in any large company this is especially beneficial because you can force proper error logging handling on even the laziest programmer    Example   function displayData  row id           Logging of the error would happen in this function      row   getRow  row id       if  row     null               Handle the error here               Do stuff here with data    function getRow  row id      row   null   try       if   db- gt connected         throw excpetion  Couldn t Connect            result    db- gt query  some query using row id      if count  result     0        throw new exception  Couldn t find a record             row    db- gt nextRow        catch  db exception        Log db conn error  alert admin  etc      return null     This way I know that null means an error occurred     return  row      That s my general rule  It s worked well so far

User · Answer

You should be throwing an exception if it is an exceptional circumstance that you call that code with an invalid user ID  If it is NOT an exceptional circumstance  then what you are essentially doing is using a  getter  method to test whether a user exists or not  That is like trying to open a file to see if it exists or not  lets stick to c  java here  instead of using the exists method  or trying to access dictionary elements and seeing if they exist by looking at the return value instead of using the  contains  method first   Therefore  it is likely you are after an additional method such as  exists  to first check if there is such a user  Performance of exceptions is definitely not a reason to just not use them at all unless you have genuine performance issues

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If the case of the user not being found comes up often enough  and you want to deal with that in various ways depending on circumstance  sometimes throwing an exception  sometimes substituting an empty user  you could also use something close to F  s Option or Haskell s Maybe type  which explicitly seperates the  no value  case from  found something    The database access code could look like this   public Option lt UserEntity gt  GetUserById Guid userId       Imagine some code here to access database          Check if data was returned and return a null if none found  if   DataExists      return Option lt UserEntity gt  Nothing    else     return Option Just existingUserEntity       And be used like this   Option lt UserEntity gt  result   GetUserById       if  result IsNothing             deal with it   else       UserEntity value   result GetValue        Unfortunately  everybody seems to roll a type like this of their own

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This is a business question  dependent on whether the existence of a user with a specific Guid Id is an expected normal use case for this function  or is it an anomaly that will prevent the application from successfully completing whatever function this method is providing the user object to     If it s an  exception   in that the absence of a user with that Id will prevent the application from successfully completing whatever function it is doing   Say we re creating an invoice for a customer we ve shipped product to       then this situation should throw an ArgumentException  or some other custom exception      If a missing user is ok   one of the potential normal outcomes of calling this function  then return a null       EDIT   to address comment from Adam in another answer   If the application contains multiple business processes  one or more of which require a User in order to complete successfully  and one or more of which can complete successfully without a user  then the exception should be thrown further up the call stack  closer to where the business processes which require a User are calling this thread of execution   Methods between this method and that point  where the exception is being thrown  should just communicate that no user exists  null  boolean  whatever - this is an implementation detail      But if all processes within the application require a user  I would still throw the exception in this method

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I am perplexed at the number of answers  all over the web  that say you need two methods  an  IsItThere    method and a  GetItForMe    method and so this leads to a race condition  What is wrong with a function that returns null  assigning it to a variable  and checking the variable for Null all in one test  My former C code was peppered with   if   NULL     variable   function arguments           So you get the value  or null  in a variable  and the result all at once  Has this idiom been forgotten  Why

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We use CSLA NET  and it takes the view that a failed data fetch should return an  empty  object  This is actually quite annoying  as it demands the convention of checking whether obj IsNew rathern than obj    null   As a previous poster mentioned  null return values will cause code to fail straight away  reducing the likelihood of stealth problems caused by empty objects   Personally  I think null is more elegant   It s a very common case  and I m surprised that people here seem surprised by it  on any web application  data is often fetched using a querystring parameter  which can obviously be mangled  so requiring that the developer handle incidences of  not found    You could handle this by    if  User Exists id       this User   User Fetch id     else     Response Redirect    notfound aspx           but that s an extra call to the database every time  which may be an issue on high-traffic pages  Whereas    this User   User Fetch id    if  this User    null      Response Redirect    notfound aspx           requires only one call

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You should throw an exception  only  if a specific contract is broken  In your specific example  asking for a UserEntity based on a known Id  it would depend on the fact if missing  deleted  users are an expected case  If so  then return null but if it is not an expected case then throw an exception  Note that if the function was called UserEntity GetUserByName string name  it would probably not throw but return null  In both cases returning an empty UserEntity would be unhelpful    For strings  arrays and collections the situation is usually different  I remember some guideline form MS that methods should accept null as an  empty  list but return collections of zero-length rather than null  The same for strings  Note that you can declare empty arrays  int   arr   new int 0

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Yet another approach involves passing in a callback object or delegate that will operate on the value   If a value is not found  the callback is not called   public void GetUserById Guid id  UserCallback callback           Lookup user     if  userFound          callback userEntity       or callback Call userEntity       This works well when you want to avoid null checks all over your code  and when not finding a value isn t an error   You may also provide a callback for when no objects are found if you need any special processing   public void GetUserById Guid id  UserCallback callback  NotFoundCallback notFound           Lookup user     if  userFound          callback userEntity       or callback Call userEntity       else         notFound       or notFound Call        The same approach using a single object might look like   public void GetUserById Guid id  UserCallback callback           Lookup user     if  userFound          callback Found userEntity       else         callback NotFound        From a design perspective  I really like this approach  but has the disadvantage of making the call site bulkier in languages that don t readily support first class functions

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In our Business Objects we have 2 main Get methods   To keep things simple in the context or you question they would be      Returns null if user does not exist public UserEntity GetUserById Guid userId          Returns a New User if user does not exist public UserEntity GetNewOrExistingUserById Guid userId        The first method is used when getting specific entities  the second method is used specifically when adding or editing entities on web pages   This enables us to have the best of both worlds in the context where they are used

[c#] Should functions return null or an empty object?

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