Java HashMap performance optimization alternative

Question

I want to create a large HashMap but the put   performance is not good enough  Any ideas   Other data structure suggestions are welcome but I need the lookup feature of a Java Map   map get key   In my case I want to create a map with 26 million entries  Using the standard Java HashMap the put rate becomes unbearably slow after 2-3 million insertions    Also  does anyone know if using different hash code distributions for the keys could help    My hashcode method   byte   a   new byte 2   byte   b   new byte 3        public int hashCode         int hash   503      hash   hash   5381    a 0    a 1        hash   hash   5381    b 0    b 1    b 2        return hash      I am using the associative property of addition to ensure that equal objects have the same hashcode  The arrays are bytes with values in the range 0 - 51  Values are only used once in either array  The objects are equal if the a arrays contain the same values  in either order  and the same goes for the b array  So a    0 1  b    45 12 33  and a    1 0  b    33 45 12  are equal   EDIT  some notes    A few people have criticized using a hash map or other data structure to store 26 million entries  I cannot see why this would seem strange   It looks like a classic data structures and algorithms problem to me  I have 26 million items and I want to be able to quickly insert them into and look them up from a data structure  give me the data structure and algorithms  Setting the initial capacity of the default Java HashMap to 26 million decreases the performance  Some people have suggested using databases  in some other situations that is definitely the smart option  But I am really asking a data structures and algorithms question  a full database would be overkill and much slower than a good datastructure solution  after all the database is just software but would have communication and possibly disk overhead

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As many people pointed out the hashCode   method was to blame  It was only generating around 20 000 codes for 26 million distinct objects  That is an average of 1 300 objects per hash bucket   very very bad  However if I turn the two arrays into a number in base 52 I am guaranteed to get a unique hash code for every object   public int hashCode                   assume that both a and b are sorted            return a 0    powerOf52 a 1   1    powerOf52 b 0   2    powerOf52 b 1   3    powerOf52 b 2   4      public static int powerOf52 byte b  int power        int result   b      for  int i   0  i  lt  power  i              result    52            return result      The arrays are sorted to ensure this methods fulfills the hashCode   contract that equal objects have the same hash code  Using the old method the average number of puts per second over blocks of 100 000 puts  100 000 to 2 000 000 was   168350 17 109409 195 81344 91 64319 023 53780 79 45931 258 39680 29 34972 676 31354 514 28343 062 25562 371 23850 695 22299 22 20998 006 19797 799 18702 951 17702 434 16832 182 16084 52 15353 083   Using the new method gives   337837 84 337268 12 337078 66 336983 97 313873 2 317460 3 317748 5 320000 0 309704 06 310752 03 312944 5 265780 75 275540 5 264350 44 273522 97 270910 94 279008 7 276285 5 283455 16 289603 25   Much much better   The old method tailed off very quickly while the new one keeps up a good throughput

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You can try to use an in-memory database like HSQLDB

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If the arrays in your posted hashCode are bytes  then you will likely end up with lots of duplicates   a 0    a 1  will always be between 0 and 512  adding the b s will always result in a number between 0 and 768   multiply those and you get an upper limit of 400 000 unique combinations  assuming your data is perfectly distributed among every possible value of each byte   If your data is at all regular  you likely have far less unique outputs of this method

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The popular hashing methods used are not really very good for large sets and  as pointed out above  the hash used is particularly bad  Better is to use a hash algorithm with high mixing and coverage such as BuzHash  sample implementation at http   www java2s com Code Java Development-Class AveryefficientjavahashalgorithmbasedontheBuzHashalgoritm htm

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Have you considered using a embeded database to do this  Look at Berkeley DB  It is open-source  owned by Oracle now   It stores everything as Key- Value pair  it is NOT an RDBMS  and it aims to be fast

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Another poster already pointed out that your hashcode implementation will result in a lot of collisions due to the way that you re adding values together  I m willing to be that  if you look at the HashMap object in a debugger  you ll find that you have maybe 200 distinct hash values  with extremely long bucket chains   If you always have values in the range 0  51  each of those values will take 6 bits to represent  If you always have 5 values  you can create a 30-bit hashcode with left-shifts and additions       int code   a 0       code    code  lt  lt  6    a 1       code    code  lt  lt  6    b 0       code    code  lt  lt  6    b 1       code    code  lt  lt  6    b 2       return code    The left-shift is fast  but will leave you with hashcodes that aren t evenly distributed  because 6 bits implies a range 0  63   An alternative is to multiply the hash by 51 and add each value  This still won t be perfectly distributed  eg   2 0  and  1 52  will collide   and will be slower than the shift       int code   a 0       code    51   a 1       code    51   b 0       code    51   b 1       code    51   b 2       return code

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Getting into the gray area of  on off topic   but necessary to eliminate confusion regarding Oscar Reyes suggestion that more hash collisions is a good thing because it reduces the number of elements in the HashMap  I may misunderstand what Oscar is saying  but I don t seem to be the only one  kdgregory  delfuego  Nash0  and I all seem to share the same  mis understanding   If I understand what Oscar is saying about the same class with the same hashcode  he s proposing that only one instance of a class with a given hashcode will be inserted into the HashMap  Eg  if I have an instance of SomeClass with a hashcode of 1 and a second instance of SomeClass with a hashcode of 1  only one instance of SomeClass is inserted   The Java pastebin example at http   pastebin com f20af40b9 seems to indicate the above correctly summarizes what Oscar is proposing    Regardless of any understanding or misunderstanding  what happens is different instances of the same class do not get inserted only once into the HashMap if they have the same hashcode - not until it s determined whether the keys are equal or not  The hashcode contract requires that equal objects have the same hashcode  however  it doesn t require that unequal objects have different hashcodes  although this may be desirable for other reasons  1    The pastebin com f20af40b9 example  which Oscar refers to at least twice  follows  but modified slightly to use JUnit assertions rather than printlines  This example is used to support the proposal that the same hashcodes cause collisions and when the classes are the same only one entry is created  eg  only one String in this specific case      Test public void shouldOverwriteWhenEqualAndHashcodeSame         String s   new String  ese        String ese   new String  ese           same hash right      assertEquals s hashCode    ese hashCode            same class     assertEquals s getClass    ese getClass            AND equal     assertTrue s equals ese         Map map   new HashMap        map put s  1       map put ese  2       SomeClass some   new SomeClass           still  same hash right      assertEquals s hashCode    ese hashCode         assertEquals s hashCode    some hashCode          map put some  3          what would we get      assertEquals 2  map size          assertEquals 2  map get  ese         assertEquals 3  map get some         assertTrue s equals ese   amp  amp  s equals  ese        class SomeClass       public int hashCode             return 100727            However  the hashcode isn t the complete story  What the pastebin example neglects is the fact that both s and ese are equal  they are both the string  ese   Thus  inserting or getting the contents of the map using s or ese or  ese  as the key are all equivalent because s equals ese   amp  amp  s equals  ese     A second test demonstrates it is erroneous to conclude that identical hashcodes on the same class is the reason the key -  value s - gt  1 is overwritten by ese - gt  2 when map put ese  2  is called in test one  In test two  s and ese still have the same hashcode  as verified by assertEquals s hashCode    ese hashCode      AND they are the same class  However  s and ese are MyString instances in this test  not Java String instances - with the only difference relevant for this test being the equals  String s equals String ese in test one above  whereas MyStrings s does not equal MyString ese in test two    Test public void shouldInsertWhenNotEqualAndHashcodeSame         MyString s   new MyString  ese        MyString ese   new MyString  ese           same hash right      assertEquals s hashCode    ese hashCode            same class     assertEquals s getClass    ese getClass            BUT not equal     assertFalse s equals ese         Map map   new HashMap        map put s  1       map put ese  2       SomeClass some   new SomeClass           still  same hash right      assertEquals s hashCode    ese hashCode         assertEquals s hashCode    some hashCode          map put some  3          what would we get      assertEquals 3  map size          assertEquals 1  map get s        assertEquals 2  map get ese        assertEquals 3  map get some              NOTE  equals is not overridden so the default implementation is used    which means objects are only equal if they re the same instance  whereas    the actual Java String class compares the value of its contents      class MyString       String i       MyString String i            this i   i              Override     public int hashCode             return 100727            Based on a later comment  Oscar seems to reverse what he s said earlier and acknowledges the importance of equals  However  it still seems the notion that equals is what matters  not the  same class   is unclear  emphasis mine     Not really  The list is created only if the hash is the same  but the key is different  For instance if a String give hashcode 2345 and and Integer gives the same hashcode 2345  then the integer is inserted into the list because String equals  Integer   is false  But if you have the same class   or at least  equals returns true   then the same entry is used  For instance new String  one   and  new String  one   used as keys  will use the same entry  Actually this is the WHOLE point of HashMap in first place  See for yourself  pastebin com f20af40b9     Oscar Reyes   versus earlier comments that explicitly address the importance of identical class and same hashcode  with no mention of equals     delfuego  See for yourself  pastebin com f20af40b9 So  in this question the same class is being used   wait a minute  the same class is being used right    Which implies that when the same hash is used the same entry is used and there is not  list  of entries      Oscar Reyes   or   Actually this would increase the performance  The more collisions eq less entries in the hashtable eq  less work to do  Is not the hash   which looks fine   nor the hashtable   which works great   I d bet it is on the object creation where the performance is degrading      Oscar Reyes   or    kdgregory  Yes  but only if the collision happens with different classes  for the same class   which is the case   the same entry is used      Oscar Reyes   Again  I may misunderstand what Oscar was actually trying to say  However  his original comments have caused enough confusion that it seems prudent to clear everything up with some explicit tests so there are no lingering doubts      1  - From Effective Java  Second Edition by Joshua Bloch    Whenever it is invoked on the same object more than once during an execution of an application  the hashCode method must consistently return the same integer  provided no information used in equal s comparisons on the object is modified  This integer need not remain consistent from one execution of an application to another execution of the same application  If two objects are equal according to the equal s Obj ect  method  then calling the hashCode method on each of the two objects must produce the same integer result   It is not required that if two objects are unequal according to the equal s Object  method  then calling the hashCode method on each of the two objects must produce distinct integer results  However  the programmer should be aware that producing distinct integer results for unequal objects may improve the performance of hash tables

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One thing I notice in your hashCode   method is that the order of the elements in the arrays a   and b   don t matter  Thus  a    1 2 3   b    99 100   will hash to the same value as  a    3 1 2   b    100 99    Actually all keys k1 and k2 where sum k1 a   sum k2 a  and sum k1 b  sum k2 b  will result in collisions  I suggest assigning a weight to each position of the array   hash   hash   5381    c0 a 0    c1 a 1    hash   hash   5381    c0 b 0    c1 b 1    c3 b 2      where  c0  c1 and c3 are distinct constants  you can use different constants for b if necessary   That should even out things a bit more

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HashMap has initial capacity and HashMap s performance very very depends on hashCode that produce underlying objects   Try to tweak both

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Maybe try using if you need it to be synchronized  http   commons apache org collections api org apache commons collections FastHashMap html

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In Effective Java  Programming Language Guide  Java Series   Chapter 3 you can find good rules to follow when computing hashCode     Specially   If the field is an array  treat it as if each element were a separate field  That is  compute a hash code for each significant element by applying these rules recursively  and combine these values per step 2 b  If every element in an array field is significant  you can use one of the Arrays hashCode methods added in release 1 5

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If the two byte arrays you mention is your entire key  the values are in the range 0-51  unique and the order within the a and b arrays is insignificant  my math tells me that there is only just about 26 million possible permutations and that you likely are trying to fill the map with values for all possible keys   In this case  both filling and retrieving values from your data store would of course be much faster if you use an array instead of a HashMap and index it from 0 to 25989599

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If the keys have any pattern to them then you can split the map into smaller maps and have a index map   Example  Keys  1 2 3      n 28 maps of 1 million each  Index map   1-1 000 000 -  Map1 1 000 000-2 000 000 -  Map2  So you ll be doing two lookups but the key set would be 1 000 000 vs 28 000 000  You can easily do this with sting patterns also   If the keys are completely random then this will not work

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You could try two things    Make your  hashCode method return something simpler and more effective such as a consecutive int  Initialize your map as   Map map   new HashMap  30000000   95f       Those two actions will reduce tremendously the amount of rehashing the structure is doing  and are pretty easy to test I think    If that doesn t work  consider using a different storage such a RDBMS   EDIT  Is strange that setting the initial capacity reduce the performance in your case   See from the javadocs      If the initial capacity is greater than the maximum number of entries divided by the load factor  no rehash operations will ever occur    I made a microbeachmark   which is not by anymeans definitive but at least proves this point          cat Huge java import java util    public class Huge       public static void main  String    args             Map map   new HashMap  30000000   0 95f            for  int i   0   i  lt  26000000   i                     map put  i  i                      import java util    public class Huge2       public static void main  String    args             Map map   new HashMap            for  int i   0   i  lt  26000000   i                     map put  i  i                       time java -Xms2g -Xmx2g Huge  real    0m16 207s user    0m14 761s sys 0m1 377s  time java -Xms2g -Xmx2g Huge2  real    0m21 781s user    0m20 045s sys 0m1 656s     So  using the initial capacity drops from 21s to 16s because of the rehasing  That leave us with your hashCode method as an  area of opportunity         EDIT  Is not the HashMap  As per your last edition    I think you should really profile your application and see where it the memory cpu is being consumed   I have created a class implementing your same   hashCode   That hash code give millions of collisions  then the entries in the HashMap is reduced dramatically    I pass from 21s  16s in my previous test to 10s and 8s  The reason is because the hashCode provokes a high number of collisions and you are not storing the 26M objects you think but a much significant lower number   about 20k I would say    So   The problems IS NOT THE HASHMAP is somewhere else in your code    It is about time to get a profiler and find out where   I would think it is on the creation of the item or probably you re writing to disk or receiving data from the network    Here s my implementation of your class   note I didn t use a 0-51 range as you did but -126 to 127 for my values and admits repeated  that s because I did this test before you updated your question   The only difference is that your class will have more collisions thus less items stored in the map   import java util    public class Item        private static byte w   Byte MIN VALUE      private static byte x   Byte MIN VALUE      private static byte y   Byte MIN VALUE      private static byte z   Byte MIN VALUE          Just to avoid typing         private static final byte M   Byte MAX VALUE      private static final byte m   Byte MIN VALUE        private byte    a   new byte 2       private byte    b   new byte 3        public Item                 make a different value for the bytes         increment            a 0    z         a 1    y              b 0    x         b 1    w    b 2    z             private static void increment             z            if  z    M                 z   m              y                      if  y    M                 y   m              x                      if  x    M                 x   m              w                        public String toString             return      this hashCode                 public int hashCode             int hash   503          hash   hash   5381    a 0    a 1            hash   hash   5381    b 0    b 1    b 2            return hash               I don t realy care about this right now       public boolean equals  Object other             return this hashCode      other hashCode                  print how many collisions do we have in 26M items      public static void main  String    args             Set set   new HashSet            int collisions   0          for   int i   0   i  lt  26000000   i                   if    set add  new Item                         collisions                                    System out println  collisions              Using this class has Key for the previous program    map put  new Item     i      gives me   real     0m11 188s user     0m10 784s sys 0m0 261s   real     0m9 348s user     0m9 071s sys  0m0 161s

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I m late here  but a couple comments about big maps    As discussed at length in other posts  with a good hashCode    26M entries in a Map is no big deal  However  a potentially hidden issue here is GC impact of giant maps    I m making an assumption that these maps are long lived   i e  you populate them and they stick around for the duration of the app   I m also assuming the app itself is long lived -- like a server of some sort   Each entry in a Java HashMap requires three objects  the key  the value  and the Entry that ties them together   So 26M entries in the map means 26M   3    78M objects   This is fine until you hit a full GC   Then you ve got a pause-the-world problem   The GC will look at each of the 78M objects and determine they re all alive   78M  objects is just a lot of objects to look at   If your app can tolerate occasional long  perhaps many seconds  pauses  there s no issue   If you re trying to achieve any latency guarantees you could have a major issue  of course if you want latency guarantees  Java s not the platform to choose      If the values in your maps churn quickly you can end up with frequent full collects which compounds the problem greatly   I don t know of a great solution to this issue   Ideas     It s sometimes possible to tune GC and heap sizes to  mostly  prevent full GCs  If your map contents churn a lot you could try Javolution s FastMap -- it can pool Entry objects  which could lower the frequency of full collects You could create your own map impl and do explicit memory management on byte    i e  trade cpu for more predictable latency by serializing millions of objects into a single byte   -- ugh   Don t use Java for this part -- talk to some sort of predictable in-memory DB over a socket Hope that the new G1 collector will help  mainly applies to the high-churn case    Just some thoughts from someone who has spent a lot of time with giant maps in Java

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Allocate a large map in the beginning  If you know it will have 26 million entries and you have the memory for it  do a new HashMap 30000000    Are you sure  you have enough memory for 26 million entries with 26 million keys and values  This sounds like a lot memory to me  Are you sure that the garbage collection is doing still fine at your 2 to 3 million mark  I could imagine that as a bottleneck

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You could try to cache computed hash code to the key object    Something like this   public int hashCode       if this hashCode    null         this hashCode   computeHashCode          return this hashCode     private int computeHashCode        int hash   503     hash   hash   5381    a 0    a 1       hash   hash   5381    b 0    b 1    b 2       return hash      Of course you have to be careful not to change contents of the key after the hashCode has been calculated for the first time   Edit  It seems that caching has code values is not worthwhile when you are adding each key only once to a map  In some other situation this could be useful

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As pointed out  your hashcode implementation has too many collisions  and fixing it should result in decent performance  Moreover  caching hashCodes and implementing equals efficiently will help   If you need to optimize even further   By your description  there are only  52   51   2     52   51   50   6    29304600 different keys  of which 26000000  i e  about 90   will be present   Therefore  you can design a hash function without any collisions  and use a simple array rather than a hashmap to hold your data  reducing memory consumption and increasing lookup speed   T   array   new T Key maxHashCode    void put Key k  T value        array k hashCode      value   T get Key k        return array k hashCode          Generally  it is impossible to design an efficient  collision-free hash function that clusters well  which is why a HashMap will tolerate collisions  which incurs some overhead   Assuming a and b are sorted  you might use the following hash function   public int hashCode         assert a 0   lt  a 1        int ahash   a 1    a 1    2                  a 0        assert b 0   lt  b 1   amp  amp  b 1   lt  b 2        int bhash   b 2    b 2    b 2    6                 b 1    b 1    2                 b 0       return bhash   52   52   2   ahash     static final int maxHashCode   52   52   2   52   52   52   6      I think this is collision-free  Proving this is left as an exercise for the mathematically inclined reader

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I d suggest a three-pronged approach    Run Java with more memory  java -Xmx256M for example to run with 256 Megabytes  Use more if needed and you have lots of RAM  Cache your calculated hash values as suggested by another poster  so each object only calculates its hash value once  Use a better hashing algorithm  The one you posted would return the same hash where a    0  1  as it would where a   1  0   all else being equal    Utilise what Java gives you for free   public int hashCode         return 31   Arrays hashCode a    Arrays hashCode b       I m pretty sure this has much less chance of clashing than your existing hashCode method  although it depends on the exact nature of your data

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First you should check that you are using Map correctly  good hashCode   method for keys  initial capacity for Map  right Map implementation etc  like many other answers describe   Then I would suggest using a profiler to see what is actually happening and where the execution time is spent  Is  for example  hashCode   method executed for billions of times   If that doesn t help  how about using something like EHCache or memcached  Yes  they are products for caching but you could configure them so that they will have enough capacity and will never evict any values from cache storage   Another option would be some database engine that is lighter weight than full SQL RDBMS  Something like Berkeley DB  maybe   Note  that I have personally no experience of these products  performance  but they could be worth the try

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I did a small test a while back with a list vs a hashmap  funny thing was iterating through the list and finding the object took the same amount of time in milliseconds as using the hashmaps get function    just an fyi  Oh yeah memory is a big issue when working with hashmaps that size

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My first idea is to make sure you re initializing your HashMap appropriately   From the JavaDocs for HashMap      An instance of HashMap has two parameters that affect its performance  initial capacity and load factor  The capacity is the number of buckets in the hash table  and the initial capacity is simply the capacity at the time the hash table is created  The load factor is a measure of how full the hash table is allowed to get before its capacity is automatically increased  When the number of entries in the hash table exceeds the product of the load factor and the current capacity  the hash table is rehashed  that is  internal data structures are rebuilt  so that the hash table has approximately twice the number of buckets    So if you re starting off with a too-small HashMap  then every time it needs to resize  all the hashes are recomputed    which might be what you re feeling when you get to the 2-3 million insertion point

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In my case I want to create a map with 26 million entries  Using the standard Java HashMap the put rate becomes unbearably slow after 2-3 million insertions    From my experiment  student project in 2009     I built up a Red Black Tree for 100 000 nodes from 1 to 100 000  It took 785 68 seconds  13 minutes   And I failed to build up RBTree for 1 million nodes  like your results with HashMap   Using  Prime Tree   my algorithm data structure  I could build up a tree map for 10 million nodes within 21 29 seconds  RAM  1 97Gb   Search key-value cost is O 1     Note   Prime Tree  works best on  continuous keys  from 1 - 10 millions  To work with keys like HashMap we need some minors adjustment     So  what is  PrimeTree  In short  it is a tree data structure like Binary Tree  with branches numbers are prime numbers  instead of  2 -binary

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To elaborate on Pascal  Do you understand how a HashMap works  You have some number of slots in your hash table  The hash value for each key is found  and then mapped to an entry in the table  If two hash values map to the same entry -- a  hash collision  -- HashMap builds a linked list   Hash collisions can kill the performance of a hash map  In the extreme case  if all your keys have the same hash code  or if they have different hash codes but they all map to the same slot  then your hash map turns into a linked list   So if you re seeing performance problems  the first thing I d check is  Am I getting a random-looking distribution of hash codes  If not  you need a better hash function  Well   better  in this case may mean  better for my particular set of data   Like  suppose you were working with strings  and you took the length of the string for the hash value   Not how Java s String hashCode works  but I m just making up a simple example   If your strings have widely varying lengths  from 1 to 10 000  and are fairly evenly distributed across that range  that this could be a very good hash function  But if your strings are all 1 or 2 characters  this would be a very bad hash function   Edit  I should add  Every time you add a new entry  HashMap checks if this is a duplicate  When there s a hash collision  it has to compare the incoming key against every key that mapped to that slot  So in the worst case where everything hashes to a single slot  the second key is compared to the first key  the third key is compared to  1 and  2  the fourth key is compared to  1   2  and  3  etc  By the time you get to key  1 million  you ve done over a trillion compares    Oscar  Umm  I don t see how that s a  not really   It s more like a  let me clarify   But yes  it s true that if you make a new entry with the same key as an existing entry  that this overwrites the first entry  That s what I meant when I talked about looking for duplicates in the last paragraph  Whenever a key hashes to the same slot  HashMap must check if it s a duplicate of an existing key  or if they are just in the same slot by coincidence of the hash function  I don t know that that s the  whole point  of a HashMap  I would say that the  whole point  is that you can retrieve elements by key quickly   But anyway  that doesn t affect the  whole point  that I was trying to make  When you have two keys -- yes  different keys  not the same key showing up again -- that map to the same slot in the table  HashMap builds a linked list  Then  because it has to check each new key to see if it is in fact a duplicate of an existing key  each attempt to add a new entry that maps to this same slot must chase the linked list examining each existing entry to see if this is a duplicate of a previously-seen key  or if it is a new key   Update long after the original post  I just got an up-vote on this answer 6 years after posting which led me to re-read the question   The hash function given in the question is not a good hash for 26 million entries   It adds together a 0  a 1  and b 0  b 1  b 2   He says values of each byte range from 0 to 51  so that gives only  51 2 1   51 3 1  15 862 possible hash values  With 26 million entries  this means an average of about 1639 entries per hash value  That is lots and lots of collisions  requiring lots and lots of sequential searches through linked lists   The OP says that different orders within array a and array b should be considered equal  i e    1 2   3 4 5   equals   2 1   5 3 4     and so to fulfill the contract they must have equal hash codes  Okay  Still  there are a lot more than 15 000 possible values  His second proposed hash function is much better  giving a broader range    Though as someone else commented  it seems inappropriate for a hash function to change other data  It would make more sense to  normalize  the object when it is created  or to have the hash function work from copies of the arrays  Also  using a loop to calculate constants every time through the function is inefficient  As there are only four values here  I would have either written  return a 0  a 1  52 b 0  52 52 b 1  52 52 52 b 2  52 52 52 52    which would cause the compiler to perform the calculation once at compile time  or have 4 static constants defined in the class   Also  the first draft at a hash function has several calculations that do nothing to add to the range of outputs  Note he first sets hash  503 than multiplies by 5381 before even considering values from the class  So     in effect he adds 503 5381 to every value  What does this accomplish  Adding a constant to every hash value just burns cpu cycles without accomplishing anything useful  Lesson here  Adding complexity to a hash function is not the goal  The goal is to get a broad range of different values  not just to add complexity for the sake of complexity

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SQLite lets you use it in memory

[java] Java HashMap performance optimization / alternative

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