Let's say I have a script like the following:
useless.sh
echo "This Is Error" 1>&2
echo "This Is Output"
And I have another shell script:
alsoUseless.sh
./useless.sh | sed 's/Output/Useless/'
I want to capture "This Is Error", or any other stderr from useless.sh, into a variable. Let's call it ERROR.
Notice that I am using stdout for something. I want to continue using stdout, so redirecting stderr into stdout is not helpful, in this case.
So, basically, I want to do
./useless.sh 2> $ERROR | ...
but that obviously doesn't work.
I also know that I could do
./useless.sh 2> /tmp/Error
ERROR=`cat /tmp/Error`
but that's ugly and unnecessary.
Unfortunately, if no answers turn up here that's what I'm going to have to do.
I'm hoping there's another way.
Anyone have any better ideas?
I'll use find
command
find / -maxdepth 2 -iname 'tmp' -type d
as non superuser for the demo. It should complain 'Permission denied' when acessing /
dir.
#!/bin/bash
echo "terminal:"
{ err="$(find / -maxdepth 2 -iname 'tmp' -type d 2>&1 1>&3 3>&- | tee /dev/stderr)"; } 3>&1 | tee /dev/fd/4 2>&1; out=$(cat /dev/fd/4)
echo "stdout:" && echo "$out"
echo "stderr:" && echo "$err"
that gives output:
terminal:
find: ‘/root’: Permission denied
/tmp
/var/tmp
find: ‘/lost+found’: Permission denied
stdout:
/tmp
/var/tmp
stderr:
find: ‘/root’: Permission denied
find: ‘/lost+found’: Permission denied
The terminal
output has also /dev/stderr
content the same way as if you were running that find command without any script. $out
has /dev/stdout
and $err
has /dev/stderr
content.
use:
#!/bin/bash
echo "terminal:"
{ err="$(find / -maxdepth 2 -iname 'tmp' -type d 2>&1 1>&3 3>&-)"; } 3>&1 | tee /dev/fd/4; out=$(cat /dev/fd/4)
echo "stdout:" && echo "$out"
echo "stderr:" && echo "$err"
if you don't want to see /dev/stderr
in the terminal output.
terminal:
/tmp
/var/tmp
stdout:
/tmp
/var/tmp
stderr:
find: ‘/root’: Permission denied
find: ‘/lost+found’: Permission denied
Improving on YellowApple's answer:
This is a Bash function to capture stderr into any variable
stderr_capture_example.sh
:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Capture stderr from a command to a variable while maintaining stdout
# @Args:
# $1: The variable name to store the stderr output
# $2: Vararg command and arguments
# @Return:
# The Command's Returnn-Code or 2 if missing arguments
function capture_stderr {
[ $# -lt 2 ] && return 2
local stderr="$1"
shift
{
printf -v "$stderr" '%s' "$({ "$@" 1>&3; } 2>&1)"
} 3>&1
}
# Testing with a call to erroring ls
LANG=C capture_stderr my_stderr ls "$0" ''
printf '\nmy_stderr contains:\n%s' "$my_stderr"
Testing:
bash stderr_capture_example.sh
Output:
stderr_capture_example.sh
my_stderr contains:
ls: cannot access '': No such file or directory
This function can be used to capture the returned choice of a dialog
command.
For the benefit of the reader, this recipe here
If you want to catch stderr
of some command
into var
you can do
{ var="$( { command; } 2>&1 1>&3 3>&- )"; } 3>&1;
Afterwards you have it all:
echo "command gives $? and stderr '$var'";
If command
is simple (not something like a | b
) you can leave the inner {}
away:
{ var="$(command 2>&1 1>&3 3>&-)"; } 3>&1;
Wrapped into an easy reusable bash
-function (probably needs version 3 and above for local -n
):
: catch-stderr var cmd [args..]
catch-stderr() { local -n v="$1"; shift && { v="$("$@" 2>&1 1>&3 3>&-)"; } 3>&1; }
Explained:
local -n
aliases "$1" (which is the variable for catch-stderr
)3>&1
uses file descriptor 3 to save there stdout points{ command; }
(or "$@") then executes the command within the output capturing $(..)
2>&1
redirects stderr
to the output capturing $(..)
1>&3
redirects stdout
away from the output capturing $(..)
back to the "outer" stdout
which was saved in file descriptor 3. Note that stderr
still refers to where FD 1 pointed before: To the output capturing $(..)
3>&-
then closes the file descriptor 3 as it is no more needed, such that command
does not suddenly has some unknown open file descriptor showing up. Note that the outer shell still has FD 3 open, but command
will not see it.lvm
complain about unexpected file descriptors. And lvm
complains to stderr
- just what we are going to capture!You can catch any other file descriptor with this recipe, if you adapt accordingly. Except file descriptor 1 of course (here the redirection logic would be wrong, but for file descriptor 1 you can just use var=$(command)
as usual).
Note that this sacrifices file descriptor 3. If you happen to need that file descriptor, feel free to change the number. But be aware, that some shells (from the 1980s) might understand 99>&1
as argument 9
followed by 9>&1
(this is no problem for bash
).
Also note that it is not particluar easy to make this FD 3 configurable through a variable. This makes things very unreadable:
: catch-var-from-fd-by-fd variable fd-to-catch fd-to-sacrifice command [args..]
catch-var-from-fd-by-fd()
{
local -n v="$1";
local fd1="$2" fd2="$3";
shift 3 || return;
eval exec "$fd2>&1";
v="$(eval '"$@"' "$fd1>&1" "1>&$fd2" "$fd2>&-")";
eval exec "$fd2>&-";
}
Security note: The first 3 arguments to
catch-var-from-fd-by-fd
must not be taken from a 3rd party. Always give them explicitly in a "static" fashion.So no-no-no
catch-var-from-fd-by-fd $var $fda $fdb $command
, never do this!If you happen to pass in a variable variable name, at least do it as follows:
local -n var="$var"; catch-var-from-fd-by-fd var 3 5 $command
This still will not protect you against every exploit, but at least helps to detect and avoid common scripting errors.
Notes:
catch-var-from-fd-by-fd var 2 3 cmd..
is the same as catch-stderr var cmd..
shift || return
is just some way to prevent ugly errors in case you forget to give the correct number of arguments. Perhaps terminating the shell would be another way (but this makes it hard to test from commandline).exec
, but then it gets really ugly.bash
as well such that there is no need for local -n
. However then you cannot use local variables and it gets extremely ugly!eval
s are used in a safe fashion. Usually eval
is considerered dangerous. However in this case it is no more evil than using "$@"
(to execute arbitrary commands). However please be sure to use the exact and correct quoting as shown here (else it becomes very very dangerous).# command receives its input from stdin.
# command sends its output to stdout.
exec 3>&1
stderr="$(command </dev/stdin 2>&1 1>&3)"
exitcode="${?}"
echo "STDERR: $stderr"
exit ${exitcode}
Iterating a bit on Tom Hale's answer, I've found it possible to wrap the redirection yoga into a function for easier reuse. For example:
#!/bin/sh
capture () {
{ captured=$( { { "$@" ; } 1>&3 ; } 2>&1); } 3>&1
}
# Example usage; capturing dialog's output without resorting to temp files
# was what motivated me to search for this particular SO question
capture dialog --menu "Pick one!" 0 0 0 \
"FOO" "Foo" \
"BAR" "Bar" \
"BAZ" "Baz"
choice=$captured
clear; echo $choice
It's almost certainly possible to simplify this further. Haven't tested especially-thoroughly, but it does appear to work with both bash and ksh.
EDIT: an alternative version of the capture
function which stores the captured STDERR output into a user-specified variable (instead of relying on a global $captured
), taking inspiration from Léa Gris's answer while preserving the ksh
(and zsh
) compatibility of the above implementation:
capture () {
if [ "$#" -lt 2 ]; then
echo "Usage: capture varname command [arg ...]"
return 1
fi
typeset var captured; captured="$1"; shift
{ read $captured <<<$( { { "$@" ; } 1>&3 ; } 2>&1); } 3>&1
}
And usage:
capture choice dialog --menu "Pick one!" 0 0 0 \
"FOO" "Foo" \
"BAR" "Bar" \
"BAZ" "Baz"
clear; echo $choice
This post helped me come up with a similar solution for my own purposes:
MESSAGE=`{ echo $ERROR_MESSAGE | format_logs.py --level=ERROR; } 2>&1`
Then as long as our MESSAGE is not an empty string, we pass it on to other stuff. This will let us know if our format_logs.py failed with some kind of python exception.
STDERR can be captured with some redirection magic:
$ { error=$( { { ls -ld /XXXX /bin | tr o Z ; } 1>&3 ; } 2>&1); } 3>&1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 rZZt rZZt 7 Aug 22 15:44 /bin -> usr/bin/
$ echo $error
ls: cannot access '/XXXX': No such file or directory
Note that piping of STDOUT of the command (here ls
) is done inside the innermost {
}
. If you're executing a simple command (eg, not a pipe), you could remove these inner braces.
You can't pipe outside the command as piping makes a subshell in bash
and zsh
, and the assignment to the variable in the subshell wouldn't be available to the current shell.
In bash
, it would be better not to assume that file descriptor 3 is unused:
{ error=$( { { ls -ld /XXXX /bin | tr o Z ; } 1>&$tmp ; } 2>&1); } {tmp}>&1;
exec {tmp}>&- # With this syntax the FD stays open
Note that this doesn't work in zsh
.
Thanks to this answer for the general idea.
For error proofing your commands:
execute [INVOKING-FUNCTION] [COMMAND]
execute () {
function="${1}"
command="${2}"
error=$(eval "${command}" 2>&1 >"/dev/null")
if [ ${?} -ne 0 ]; then
echo "${function}: ${error}"
exit 1
fi
}
Inspired in Lean manufacturing:
Capture AND Print stderr
ERROR=$( ./useless.sh 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 | tee /dev/fd/2 )
Breakdown
You can use $()
to capture stdout, but you want to capture stderr instead. So you swap stdout and stderr. Using fd 3 as the temporary storage in the standard swap algorithm.
If you want to capture AND print use tee
to make a duplicate. In this case the output of tee
will be captured by $()
rather than go to the console, but stderr(of tee
) will still go to the console so we use that as the second output for tee
via the special file /dev/fd/2
since tee
expects a file path rather than a fd number.
NOTE: That is an awful lot of redirections in a single line and the order matters. $()
is grabbing the stdout of tee
at the end of the pipeline and the pipeline itself routes stdout of ./useless.sh
to the stdin of tee
AFTER we swapped stdin and stdout for ./useless.sh
.
Using stdout of ./useless.sh
The OP said he still wanted to use (not just print) stdout, like ./useless.sh | sed 's/Output/Useless/'
.
No problem just do it BEFORE swapping stdout and stderr. I recommend moving it into a function or file (also-useless.sh) and calling that in place of ./useless.sh in the line above.
However, if you want to CAPTURE stdout AND stderr, then I think you have to fall back on temporary files because $()
will only do one at a time and it makes a subshell from which you cannot return variables.
Here's how I did it :
#
# $1 - name of the (global) variable where the contents of stderr will be stored
# $2 - command to be executed
#
captureStderr()
{
local tmpFile=$(mktemp)
$2 2> $tmpFile
eval "$1=$(< $tmpFile)"
rm $tmpFile
}
Usage example :
captureStderr err "./useless.sh"
echo -$err-
It does use a temporary file. But at least the ugly stuff is wrapped in a function.
$ b=$( ( a=$( (echo stdout;echo stderr >&2) ) ) 2>&1 )
$ echo "a=>$a b=>$b"
a=>stdout b=>stderr
This will allow you to pipe the output of your useless.sh
script through a command such as sed
and save the stderr
in a variable named error
. The result of the pipe is sent to stdout
for display or to be piped into another command.
It sets up a couple of extra file descriptors to manage the redirections needed in order to do this.
#!/bin/bash
exec 3>&1 4>&2 #set up extra file descriptors
error=$( { ./useless.sh | sed 's/Output/Useless/' 2>&4 1>&3; } 2>&1 )
echo "The message is \"${error}.\""
exec 3>&- 4>&- # release the extra file descriptors
Redirected stderr to stdout, stdout to /dev/null, and then use the backticks or $()
to capture the redirected stderr:
ERROR=$(./useless.sh 2>&1 >/dev/null)
This is an interesting problem to which I hoped there was an elegant solution. Sadly, I end up with a solution similar to Mr. Leffler, but I'll add that you can call useless from inside a Bash function for improved readability:
#!/bin/bash function useless { /tmp/useless.sh | sed 's/Output/Useless/' } ERROR=$(useless) echo $ERROR
All other kind of output redirection must be backed by a temporary file.
There are a lot of duplicates for this question, many of which have a slightly simpler usage scenario where you don't want to capture stderr and stdout and the exit code all at the same time.
if result=$(useless.sh 2>&1); then
stdout=$result
else
rc=$?
stderr=$result
fi
works for the common scenario where you expect either proper output in the case of success, or a diagnostic message on stderr in the case of failure.
Note that the shell's control statements already examine $?
under the hood; so anything which looks like
cmd
if [ $? -eq 0 ], then ...
is just a clumsy, unidiomatic way of saying
if cmd; then ...
If you want to bypass the use of a temporary file you may be able to use process substitution. I haven't quite gotten it to work yet. This was my first attempt:
$ .useless.sh 2> >( ERROR=$(<) )
-bash: command substitution: line 42: syntax error near unexpected token `)'
-bash: command substitution: line 42: `<)'
Then I tried
$ ./useless.sh 2> >( ERROR=$( cat <() ) )
This Is Output
$ echo $ERROR # $ERROR is empty
However
$ ./useless.sh 2> >( cat <() > asdf.txt )
This Is Output
$ cat asdf.txt
This Is Error
So the process substitution is doing generally the right thing... unfortunately, whenever I wrap STDIN inside >( )
with something in $()
in an attempt to capture that to a variable, I lose the contents of $()
. I think that this is because $()
launches a sub process which no longer has access to the file descriptor in /dev/fd which is owned by the parent process.
Process substitution has bought me the ability to work with a data stream which is no longer in STDERR, unfortunately I don't seem to be able to manipulate it the way that I want.
In zsh:
{ . ./useless.sh > /dev/tty } 2>&1 | read ERROR
$ echo $ERROR
( your message )
{ ERROR=$(./useless.sh 2>&1 1>&$out); } {out}>&1
echo "-"
echo $ERROR
Will produce:
This Is Output
-
This Is Error
Source: Stackoverflow.com