OK, so forget about C. Suppose I give you a number and ask you to determine if it's prime. How do you do it? Write down the steps clearly, then worry about translating them into code.
Once you have the algorithm determined, it will be much easier for you to figure out how to write a program, and for others to help you with it.
edit: Here's the C# code you posted:
static bool IsPrime(int number) {
for (int i = 2; i < number; i++) {
if (number % i == 0 && i != number) return false;
}
return true;
}
This is very nearly valid C as is; there's no bool type in C, and no true or false, so you need to modify it a little bit (edit: Kristopher Johnson correctly points out that C99 added the stdbool.h header). Since some people don't have access to a C99 environment (but you should use one!), let's make that very minor change:
int IsPrime(int number) {
int i;
for (i=2; i<number; i++) {
if (number % i == 0 && i != number) return 0;
}
return 1;
}
This is a perfectly valid C program that does what you want. We can improve it a little bit without too much effort. First, note that i is always less than number, so the check that i != number always succeeds; we can get rid of it.
Also, you don't actually need to try divisors all the way up to number - 1; you can stop checking when you reach sqrt(number). Since sqrt is a floating-point operation and that brings a whole pile of subtleties, we won't actually compute sqrt(number). Instead, we can just check that i*i <= number:
int IsPrime(int number) {
int i;
for (i=2; i*i<=number; i++) {
if (number % i == 0) return 0;
}
return 1;
}
One last thing, though; there was a small bug in your original algorithm! If number is negative, or zero, or one, this function will claim that the number is prime. You likely want to handle that properly, and you may want to make number be unsigned, since you're more likely to care about positive values only:
int IsPrime(unsigned int number) {
if (number <= 1) return 0; // zero and one are not prime
unsigned int i;
for (i=2; i*i<=number; i++) {
if (number % i == 0) return 0;
}
return 1;
}
This definitely isn't the fastest way to check if a number is prime, but it works, and it's pretty straightforward. We barely had to modify your code at all!