[c#] Why catch and rethrow an exception in C#?

I'm looking at the article C# - Data Transfer Object on serializable DTOs.

The article includes this piece of code:

public static string SerializeDTO(DTO dto) {
    try {
        XmlSerializer xmlSer = new XmlSerializer(dto.GetType());
        StringWriter sWriter = new StringWriter();
        xmlSer.Serialize(sWriter, dto);
        return sWriter.ToString();
    }
    catch(Exception ex) {
        throw ex;
    }
}

The rest of the article looks sane and reasonable (to a noob), but that try-catch-throw throws a WtfException... Isn't this exactly equivalent to not handling exceptions at all?

Ergo:

public static string SerializeDTO(DTO dto) {
    XmlSerializer xmlSer = new XmlSerializer(dto.GetType());
    StringWriter sWriter = new StringWriter();
    xmlSer.Serialize(sWriter, dto);
    return sWriter.ToString();
}

Or am I missing something fundamental about error handling in C#? It's pretty much the same as Java (minus checked exceptions), isn't it? ... That is, they both refined C++.

The Stack Overflow question The difference between re-throwing parameter-less catch and not doing anything? seems to support my contention that try-catch-throw is-a no-op.

EDIT:

Just to summarise for anyone who finds this thread in future...

DO NOT

try {
    // Do stuff that might throw an exception
}
catch (Exception e) {
    throw e; // This destroys the strack trace information!
}

The stack trace information can be crucial to identifying the root cause of the problem!

DO

try {
    // Do stuff that might throw an exception
}
catch (SqlException e) {
    // Log it
    if (e.ErrorCode != NO_ROW_ERROR) { // filter out NoDataFound.
        // Do special cleanup, like maybe closing the "dirty" database connection.
        throw; // This preserves the stack trace
    }
}
catch (IOException e) {
    // Log it
    throw;
}
catch (Exception e) {
    // Log it
    throw new DAOException("Excrement occurred", e); // wrapped & chained exceptions (just like java).
}
finally {
    // Normal clean goes here (like closing open files).
}

Catch the more specific exceptions before the less specific ones (just like Java).

References:

• MSDN - Exception Handling
• MSDN - try-catch (C# Reference)

While many of the other answers provide good examples of why you might want to catch an rethrow an exception, no one seems to have mentioned a 'finally' scenario.

An example of this is where you have a method in which you set the cursor (for example to a wait cursor), the method has several exit points (e.g. if () return;) and you want to ensure the cursor is reset at the end of the method.

To do this you can wrap all of the code in a try/catch/finally. In the finally set the cursor back to the right cursor. So that you don't bury any valid exceptions, rethrow it in the catch.

try
{
    Cursor.Current = Cursors.WaitCursor;
    // Test something
    if (testResult) return;
    // Do something else
}
catch
{
    throw;
}
finally
{
     Cursor.Current = Cursors.Default;
}

In the example in the code you have posted there is, in fact, no point in catching the exception as there is nothing done on the catch it is just re-thown, in fact it does more harm than good as the call stack is lost.

You would, however catch an exception to do some logic (for example closing sql connection of file lock, or just some logging) in the event of an exception the throw it back to the calling code to deal with. This would be more common in a business layer than front end code as you may want the coder implementing your business layer to handle the exception.

To re-iterate though the There is NO point in catching the exception in the example you posted. DON'T do it like that!

Sorry, but many examples as "improved design" still smell horribly or can be extremely misleading. Having try { } catch { log; throw } is just utterly pointless. Exception logging should be done in central place inside the application. exceptions bubble up the stacktrace anyway, why not log them somewhere up and close to the borders of the system?

Caution should be used when you serialize your context (i.e. DTO in one given example) just into the log message. It can easily contain sensitive information one might not want to reach the hands of all the people who can access the log files. And if you don't add any new information to the exception, I really don't see the point of exception wrapping. Good old Java has some point for that, it requires caller to know what kind of exceptions one should expect then calling the code. Since you don't have this in .NET, wrapping doesn't do any good on at least 80% of the cases I've seen.

One possible reason to catch-throw is to disable any exception filters deeper up the stack from filtering down (random old link). But of course, if that was the intention, there would be a comment there saying so.

This can be useful when your programming functions for a library or dll.

This rethrow structure can be used to purposefully reset the call stack so that instead of seeing the exception thrown from an individual function inside the function, you get the exception from the function itself.

I think this is just used so that the thrown exceptions are cleaner and don't go into the "roots" of the library.

Most of answers talking about scenario catch-log-rethrow.

Instead of writing it in your code consider to use AOP, in particular Postsharp.Diagnostic.Toolkit with OnExceptionOptions IncludeParameterValue and IncludeThisArgument

Don't do this,

try 
{
...
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
   throw ex;
}

You'll lose the stack trace information...

Either do,

try { ... }
catch { throw; }

OR

try { ... }
catch (Exception ex)
{
    throw new Exception("My Custom Error Message", ex);
}

One of the reason you might want to rethrow is if you're handling different exceptions, for e.g.

try
{
   ...
}
catch(SQLException sex)
{
   //Do Custom Logging 
   //Don't throw exception - swallow it here
}
catch(OtherException oex)
{
   //Do something else
   throw new WrappedException("Other Exception occured");
}
catch
{
   System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine("Eeep! an error, not to worry, will be handled higher up the call stack");
   throw; //Chuck everything else back up the stack
}

Rethrowing exceptions via throw is useful when you don't have a particular code to handle current exceptions, or in cases when you have a logic to handle specific error cases but want to skip all others.

Example:

string numberText = "";
try
{
    Console.Write("Enter an integer: ");
    numberText = Console.ReadLine();
    var result = int.Parse(numberText);

    Console.WriteLine("You entered {0}", result);
}
catch (FormatException)
{
    if (numberText.ToLowerInvariant() == "nothing")
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Please, please don't be lazy and enter a valid number next time.");
    }
    else
    {
        throw;
    }
}    
finally
{
    Console.WriteLine("Freed some resources.");
}
Console.ReadKey();

However, there is also another way of doing this, using conditional clauses in catch blocks:

string numberText = "";
try
{
    Console.Write("Enter an integer: ");
    numberText = Console.ReadLine();
    var result = int.Parse(numberText);

    Console.WriteLine("You entered {0}", result);
}
catch (FormatException) when (numberText.ToLowerInvariant() == "nothing")
{
    Console.WriteLine("Please, please don't be lazy and enter a valid number next time.");
}    
finally
{
    Console.WriteLine("Freed some resources.");
}
Console.ReadKey();

This mechanism is more efficient than re-throwing an exception because of the .NET runtime doesn’t have to rebuild the exception object before re-throwing it.

You don't want to throw ex - as this will lose the call stack. See Exception Handling (MSDN).

And yes, the try...catch is doing nothing useful (apart from lose the call stack - so it's actually worse - unless for some reason you didn't want to expose this information).

My main reason for having code like:

try
{
    //Some code
}
catch (Exception e)
{
    throw;
}

is so I can have a breakpoint in the catch, that has an instantiated exception object. I do this a lot while developing/debugging. Of course, the compiler gives me a warning on all the unused e's, and ideally they should be removed before a release build.

They are nice during debugging though.

A valid reason for rethrowing exceptions can be that you want to add information to the exception, or perhaps wrap the original exception in one of your own making:

public static string SerializeDTO(DTO dto) {
  try {
      XmlSerializer xmlSer = new XmlSerializer(dto.GetType());
      StringWriter sWriter = new StringWriter();
      xmlSer.Serialize(sWriter, dto);
      return sWriter.ToString();
  }
  catch(Exception ex) {
    string message = 
      String.Format("Something went wrong serializing DTO {0}", DTO);
    throw new MyLibraryException(message, ex);
  }
}

In addition to what the others have said, see my answer to a related question which shows that catching and rethrowing is not a no-op (it's in VB, but some of the code could be C# invoked from VB).

C# (before C# 6) doesn't support CIL "filtered exceptions", which VB does, so in C# 1-5 one reason for re-throwing an exception is that you don't have enough information at the time of catch() to determine whether you wanted to actually catch the exception.

For example, in VB you can do

Try
 ..
Catch Ex As MyException When Ex.ErrorCode = 123
 .. 
End Try

...which would not handle MyExceptions with different ErrorCode values. In C# prior to v6, you would have to catch and re-throw the MyException if the ErrorCode was not 123:

try 
{
   ...
}
catch(MyException ex)
{
    if (ex.ErrorCode != 123) throw;
    ...
}

Since C# 6.0 you can filter just like with VB:

try 
{
  // Do stuff
} 
catch (Exception e) when (e.ErrorCode == 123456) // filter
{
  // Handle, other exceptions will be left alone and bubble up
}

It depends what you are doing in the catch block, and if you are wanting to pass the error on to the calling code or not.

You might say Catch io.FileNotFoundExeption ex and then use an alternative file path or some such, but still throw the error on.

Also doing Throw instead of Throw Ex allows you to keep the full stack trace. Throw ex restarts the stack trace from the throw statement (I hope that makes sense).

A point that people haven't mentioned is that while .NET languages don't really make a proper distinction, the question of whether one should take action when an exception occurs, and whether one will resolve it, are actually distinct questions. There are many cases where one should take action based upon exceptions one has no hope of resolving, and there are some cases where all that is necessary to "resolve" an exception is to unwind the stack to a certain point--no further action required.

Because of the common wisdom that one should only "catch" things one can "handle", a lot of code which should take action when exceptions occur, doesn't. For example, a lot of code will acquire a lock, put the guarded object "temporarily" into a state which violates its invariants, then put it object into a legitimate state, and then release the lock back before anyone else can see the object. If an exception occurs while the object is in a dangerously-invalid state, common practice is to release the lock with the object still in that state. A much better pattern would be to have an exception that occurs while the object is in a "dangerous" condition expressly invalidate the lock so any future attempt to acquire it will immediately fail. Consistent use of such a pattern would greatly improve the safety of so-called "Pokemon" exception handling, which IMHO gets a bad reputation primarily because of code which allows exceptions to percolate up without taking appropriate action first.

In most .NET languages, the only way for code to take action based upon an exception is to catch it (even though it knows it's not going to resolve the exception), perform the action in question and then re-throw). Another possible approach if code doesn't care about what exception is thrown is to use an ok flag with a try/finally block; set the ok flag to false before the block, and to true before the block exits, and before any return that's within the block. Then, within finally, assume that if ok isn't set, an exception must have occurred. Such an approach is semantically better than a catch/throw, but is ugly and is less maintainable than it should be.

Isn't this exactly equivalent to not handling exceptions at all?

Not exactly, it isn't the same. It resets the exception's stacktrace. Though I agree that this probably is a mistake, and thus an example of bad code.