How can I use interface as a C generic type constraint

Question

Is there a way to get the following function declaration   public bool Foo lt T gt    where T   interface    ie  where T is an interface type  similar to where T   class  and struct    Currently I ve settled for   public bool Foo lt T gt    where T   IBase    Where IBase is defined as an empty interface that is inherited by all my custom interfaces    Not ideal  but it should work    Why can t you define that a generic type must be an interface   For what it s worth  I want this because Foo is doing reflection where it needs an interface type    I could pass it in as a normal parameter and do the necessary checking in the function itself  but this seemed a lot more typesafe  and I suppose a little more performant  since all the checks are done at compiletime

User · Answer

No  actually  if you are thinking class and struct mean classes and structs  you re wrong  class means any reference type  e g  includes interfaces too  and struct means any value type  e g  struct  enum

User · Answer

The closest you can do  except for your base-interface approach  is  where T   class   meaning reference-type  There is no syntax to mean  any interface    This   where T   class   is used  for example  in WCF to limit clients to service contracts  interfaces

User · Answer

I know this is a bit late but for those that are interested you can use a runtime check   typeof T  IsInterface

User · Answer

To follow up on Robert s answer  this is even later  but you can use a static helper class to make the runtime check once only per type   public bool Foo lt T gt    where T   class       FooHelper lt T gt  Foo       private static class FooHelper lt TInterface gt  where TInterface   class       static FooHelper                 if   typeof TInterface  IsInterface              throw        some exception           public static void Foo                   I also note that your  should work  solution does not  in fact  work   Consider   public bool Foo lt T gt    where T   IBase  public interface IBase     public interface IActual   IBase   string S   get      public class Actual   IActual   public string S   get  set        Now there s nothing stopping you from calling Foo thus   Foo lt Actual gt       The Actual class  after all  satisfies the IBase constraint

User · Answer

I tried to do something similar and used a workaround solution  I thought about implicit and explicit operator on structure  The idea is to wrap the Type in a structure that can be converted into Type implicitly   Here is such a structure   public struct InterfaceType       private Type  type   public InterfaceType Type type        CheckType type        type   type     public static explicit operator Type InterfaceType value        return value  type     public static implicit operator InterfaceType Type type        return new InterfaceType type      private static void CheckType Type type        if  type    null  throw new NullReferenceException  The type cannot be null        if   type IsInterface  throw new NotSupportedException string Format  The given type  0  is not an interface  thus is not supported   type Name           basic usage      OK InterfaceType type1   typeof System ComponentModel INotifyPropertyChanged       Throws an exception InterfaceType type2   typeof WeakReference     You have to imagine your own mecanism around this  but an example could be a method taken a InterfaceType in parameter instead of a type  this MyMethod typeof IMyType      works this MyMethod typeof MyType      throws exception   A method to override that should returns interface types   public virtual IEnumerable lt InterfaceType gt  GetInterfaces     There are maybe things to do with generics also  but I didn t tried  Hope this can help or gives ideas  -

User · Answer

What you have settled for is the best you can do   public bool Foo lt T gt    where T   IBase

User · Answer

For some time now I ve been thinking about near-compile-time constraints  so this is a perfect opportunity to launch the concept   The basic idea is that if you cannot do a check compile time  you should do it at the earliest possible point in time  which is basically the moment the application starts  If all checks are okay  the application will run  if a check fails  the application will fail instantly    Behavior  The best possible outcome is that our program doesn t compile if the constraints are not met  Unfortunately that s not possible in the current C  implementation   Next best thing is that the program crashes the moment it s started    The last option is that the program will crash the moment the code is hit  This is the default behavior of  NET  For me  this is completely unacceptable   Prerequirements  We need to have a constraint mechanism  so for the lack of anything better    let s use an attribute  The attribute will be present on top of a generic constraint to check if it matches our conditions  If it doesn t  we give an ugly error   This enables us to do things like this in our code   public class Clas lt  IsInterface  T gt  where T   class    I ve kept the where T class here  because I always prefer compile-time checks to run-time checks   So  that only leaves us with 1 problem  which is checking if all the types that we use match the constraint  How hard can it be   Let s break it up  Generic types are always either on a class   struct interface  or on a method   Triggering a constraint requires you to do one of the following things    Compile-time  when using a type in a type  inheritance  generic constraint  class member  Compile-time  when using a type in a method body Run-time  when using reflection to construct something based on the generic base class  Run-time  when using reflection to construct something based on RTTI    At this point  I would like to state that you should always avoid doing  4  in any program IMO  Regardless  these checks won t support it  since it would effectively mean solving the halting problem    Case 1  using a type  Example   public class TestClass   SomeClass lt IMyInterface gt             Example 2   public class TestClass         SomeClass lt IMyInterface gt  myMember     or a property  method  etc       Basically this involves scanning all types  inheritance  members  parameters  etc  etc  etc  If a type is a generic type and has a constraint  we check the constraint  if it s an array  we check the element type   At this point I must add that this will break the fact that by default  NET loads types  lazy   By scanning all the types  we force the  NET runtime to load them all  For most programs this shouldn t be a problem  still  if you use static initializers in your code  you might encounter problems with this approach    That said  I wouldn t advice anyone to do this anyways  except for things like this  -   so it shouldn t give you a lot of problems   Case 2  using a type in a method  Example   void Test         new SomeClass lt ISomeInterface gt         To check this we have only 1 option  decompile the class  check all member tokens that are used and if one of them is the generic type - check the arguments   Case 3  Reflection  runtime generic construction  Example   typeof CtorTest lt  gt   MakeGenericType typeof IMyInterface     I suppose it s theoretically possible to check this with similar tricks as case  2   but the implementation of it is much harder  you need to check if MakeGenericType is called in some code path   I won t go into details here     Case 4  Reflection  runtime RTTI  Example   Type t   Type GetType  CtorTest 1 IMyInterface       This is the worst case scenario and as I explained before generally a bad idea IMHO  Either way  there s no practical way to figure this out using checks   Testing the lot  Creating a program that tests case  1  and  2  will result in something like this    AttributeUsage AttributeTargets GenericParameter   public class IsInterface   ConstraintAttribute       public override bool Check Type genericType                return genericType IsInterface             public override string ToString                 return  Generic type is not an interface            public abstract class ConstraintAttribute   Attribute       public ConstraintAttribute           public abstract bool Check Type generic      internal class BigEndianByteReader       public BigEndianByteReader byte   data                this data   data          this position   0             private byte   data      private int position       public int Position               get   return position               public bool Eof               get   return position  gt   data Length               public sbyte ReadSByte                 return  sbyte data position                public byte ReadByte                 return  byte data position                public int ReadInt16                 return   data position       data position     lt  lt  8                public ushort ReadUInt16                 return  ushort   data position       data position     lt  lt  8                public int ReadInt32                 return    data position       data position     lt  lt  8      data position     lt  lt  0x10      data position     lt  lt  0x18               public ulong ReadInt64                 return  ulong    data position       data position     lt  lt  8      data position     lt  lt  0x10      data position     lt  lt  0x18                              data position     lt  lt  0x20     data position     lt  lt  0x28     data position     lt  lt  0x30     data position     lt  lt  0x38               public double ReadDouble                 var result   BitConverter ToDouble data  position           position    8          return result             public float ReadSingle                 var result   BitConverter ToSingle data  position           position    4          return result           internal class ILDecompiler       static ILDecompiler                    Initialize our cheat tables         singleByteOpcodes   new OpCode 0x100           multiByteOpcodes   new OpCode 0x100            FieldInfo   infoArray1   typeof OpCodes  GetFields            for  int num1   0  num1  lt  infoArray1 Length  num1                          FieldInfo info1   infoArray1 num1               if  info1 FieldType    typeof OpCode                                 OpCode code1    OpCode info1 GetValue null                   ushort num2    ushort code1 Value                  if  num2  lt  0x100                                        singleByteOpcodes  int num2    code1                                    else                                       if   num2  amp  0xff00     0xfe00                                                throw new Exception  Invalid opcode      num2 ToString                                               multiByteOpcodes num2  amp  0xff    code1                                                       private ILDecompiler            private static OpCode   singleByteOpcodes      private static OpCode   multiByteOpcodes       public static IEnumerable lt ILInstruction gt  Decompile MethodBase mi  byte   ildata                Module module   mi Module           BigEndianByteReader reader   new BigEndianByteReader ildata           while   reader Eof                        OpCode code   OpCodes Nop               int offset   reader Position              ushort b   reader ReadByte                if  b    0xfe                                code   singleByteOpcodes b                             else                               b   reader ReadByte                    code   multiByteOpcodes b                   b     ushort  0xfe00                              object operand   null              switch  code OperandType                                case OperandType InlineBrTarget                      operand   reader ReadInt32     reader Position                      break                  case OperandType InlineField                      if  mi is ConstructorInfo                                                operand   module ResolveField reader ReadInt32    mi DeclaringType GetGenericArguments    Type EmptyTypes                                             else                                               operand   module ResolveField reader ReadInt32    mi DeclaringType GetGenericArguments    mi GetGenericArguments                                               break                  case OperandType InlineI                      operand   reader ReadInt32                        break                  case OperandType InlineI8                      operand   reader ReadInt64                        break                  case OperandType InlineMethod                      try                                               if  mi is ConstructorInfo                                                        operand   module ResolveMember reader ReadInt32    mi DeclaringType GetGenericArguments    Type EmptyTypes                                                     else                                                       operand   module ResolveMember reader ReadInt32    mi DeclaringType GetGenericArguments    mi GetGenericArguments                                                                         catch                                               operand   null                                            break                  case OperandType InlineNone                      break                  case OperandType InlineR                      operand   reader ReadDouble                        break                  case OperandType InlineSig                      operand   module ResolveSignature reader ReadInt32                         break                  case OperandType InlineString                      operand   module ResolveString reader ReadInt32                         break                  case OperandType InlineSwitch                      int count   reader ReadInt32                        int   targetOffsets   new int count                       for  int i   0  i  lt  count    i                                                targetOffsets i    reader ReadInt32                                              int pos   reader Position                      for  int i   0  i  lt  count    i                                                targetOffsets i     pos                                            operand   targetOffsets                      break                  case OperandType InlineTok                  case OperandType InlineType                      try                                               if  mi is ConstructorInfo                                                        operand   module ResolveMember reader ReadInt32    mi DeclaringType GetGenericArguments    Type EmptyTypes                                                     else                                                       operand   module ResolveMember reader ReadInt32    mi DeclaringType GetGenericArguments    mi GetGenericArguments                                                                         catch                                               operand   null                                            break                  case OperandType InlineVar                      operand   reader ReadUInt16                        break                  case OperandType ShortInlineBrTarget                      operand   reader ReadSByte     reader Position                      break                  case OperandType ShortInlineI                      operand   reader ReadSByte                        break                  case OperandType ShortInlineR                      operand   reader ReadSingle                        break                  case OperandType ShortInlineVar                      operand   reader ReadByte                        break                   default                      throw new Exception  Unknown instruction operand  cannot continue  Operand type      code OperandType                              yield return new ILInstruction offset  code  operand                      public class ILInstruction       public ILInstruction int offset  OpCode code  object operand                this Offset   offset          this Code   code          this Operand   operand             public int Offset   get  private set        public OpCode Code   get  private set        public object Operand   get  private set       public class IncorrectConstraintException   Exception       public IncorrectConstraintException string msg  params object   arg    base string Format msg  arg          public class ConstraintFailedException   Exception       public ConstraintFailedException string msg    base msg          public ConstraintFailedException string msg  params object   arg    base string Format msg  arg          public class NCTChecks       public NCTChecks Type startpoint            this startpoint Assembly               public NCTChecks params Assembly   ass                foreach  var assembly in ass                        assemblies Add assembly                foreach  var type in assembly GetTypes                                  EnsureType type                                    while  typesToCheck Count  gt  0                        var t   typesToCheck Pop                GatherTypesFrom t                PerformRuntimeCheck t                        private HashSet lt Assembly gt  assemblies   new HashSet lt Assembly gt          private Stack lt Type gt  typesToCheck   new Stack lt Type gt         private HashSet lt Type gt  typesKnown   new HashSet lt Type gt          private void EnsureType Type t                   Don t check for assembly here  we can pass f ex  System Lazy lt Our T lt MyClass gt  gt          if  t    null  amp  amp   t IsGenericTypeDefinition  amp  amp  typesKnown Add t                         typesToCheck Push t                if  t IsGenericType                                foreach  var par in t GetGenericArguments                                          EnsureType par                                                if  t IsArray                                EnsureType t GetElementType                                         private void PerformRuntimeCheck Type t                if  t IsGenericType  amp  amp   t IsGenericTypeDefinition                           Only check the assemblies we explicitly asked for              if  this assemblies Contains t Assembly                                    Gather the generics data                  var def   t GetGenericTypeDefinition                    var par   def GetGenericArguments                    var args   t GetGenericArguments                        Perform checks                  for  int i   0  i  lt  args Length    i                                        foreach  var check in par i  GetCustomAttributes typeof ConstraintAttribute   true  Cast lt ConstraintAttribute gt                                                   if   check Check args i                                                          string error    Runtime type check failed for type     t ToString            check ToString                                 Debugger Break                                throw new ConstraintFailedException error                                                                                                           Phase 1  all types that are referenced in some way     private void GatherTypesFrom Type t                EnsureType t BaseType            foreach  var intf in t GetInterfaces                          EnsureType intf                      foreach  var nested in t GetNestedTypes                          EnsureType nested                      var all   BindingFlags Public   BindingFlags NonPublic   BindingFlags Static   BindingFlags Instance          foreach  var field in t GetFields all                         EnsureType field FieldType                     foreach  var property in t GetProperties all                         EnsureType property PropertyType                     foreach  var evt in t GetEvents all                         EnsureType evt EventHandlerType                     foreach  var ctor in t GetConstructors all                         foreach  var par in ctor GetParameters                                  EnsureType par ParameterType                                 Phase 2  all types that are used in a body             GatherTypesFrom ctor                     foreach  var method in t GetMethods all                         if  method ReturnType    typeof void                                 EnsureType method ReturnType                              foreach  var par in method GetParameters                                  EnsureType par ParameterType                                 Phase 2  all types that are used in a body             GatherTypesFrom method                        private void GatherTypesFrom MethodBase method                if  this assemblies Contains method DeclaringType Assembly      only consider methods we ve build ourselves                       MethodBody methodBody   method GetMethodBody                if  methodBody    null                                   Handle local variables                 foreach  var local in methodBody LocalVariables                                        EnsureType local LocalType                                         Handle method body                 var il   methodBody GetILAsByteArray                    if  il    null                                        foreach  var oper in ILDecompiler Decompile method  il                                                 if  oper Operand is MemberInfo                                                        foreach  var type in HandleMember  MemberInfo oper Operand                                                                 EnsureType type                                                                                                                                       private static IEnumerable lt Type gt  HandleMember MemberInfo info                   Event  Field  Method  Constructor or Property          yield return info DeclaringType          if  info is EventInfo                        yield return   EventInfo info  EventHandlerType                    else if  info is FieldInfo                        yield return   FieldInfo info  FieldType                    else if  info is PropertyInfo                        yield return   PropertyInfo info  PropertyType                    else if  info is ConstructorInfo                        foreach  var par in   ConstructorInfo info  GetParameters                                  yield return par ParameterType                                  else if  info is MethodInfo                        foreach  var par in   MethodInfo info  GetParameters                                  yield return par ParameterType                                  else if  info is Type                        yield return  Type info                    else                       throw new NotSupportedException  Incorrect unsupported member type      info GetType   Name                       Using the code  Well  that s the easy part  -      Create something illegal public class Bar2   IMyInterface       public void Execute                 throw new NotImplementedException                Our fancy check public class Foo lt  IsInterface  T gt       class Program       static Program                    Perform all runtime checks         new NCTChecks typeof Program               static void Main string   args                   Normal operation         Console WriteLine  Foo            Console ReadLine

User · Answer

If possible  I went with a solution like this  It only works if you want several specific interfaces  e g  those you have source access to  to be passed as a generic parameter  not any    I let my interfaces  which came into question  inherit an empty interface IInterface  I constrained the generic T parameter to be of IInterface   In source  it looks like this    Any interface you want to be passed as the generic parameter   public interface IWhatever   IInterface          IWhatever specific declarations    IInterface   public interface IInterface          Nothing in here  keep moving    The class on which you want to put the type constraint   public class WorldPeaceGenerator lt T gt  where T   IInterface          Actual world peace generating code

User · Answer

You cannot do this in any released version of C   nor in the upcoming C  4 0  It s not a C  limitation  either - there s no  interface  constraint in the CLR itself

User · Answer

Solution A  This combination of constraints should guarantee that TInterface is an interface  class example lt TInterface  TStruct gt      where TStruct   struct  TInterface     where TInterface   class      It requires a single struct TStruct as a Witness to proof that TInterface is a struct  You can use single struct as a witness for all your non-generic types  struct InterfaceWitness   IA  IB  IC        public int DoA     gt  throw new InvalidOperationException                 Solution B  If you don t want to make structs as witnesses you can create an interface interface ISInterface lt T gt      where T   ISInterface lt T gt       and use a constraint  class example lt TInterface gt      where TInterface   ISInterface lt TInterface gt       Implementation for interfaces  interface IA  ISInterface lt IA gt      This solves some of the problems  but requires trust that noone implements ISInterface lt T gt  for non-interface types  but that is pretty hard to do accidentally

User · Answer

Use an abstract class instead   So  you would have something like   public bool Foo lt T gt    where T   CBase

[c#] How can I use interface as a C# generic type constraint?

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