Convert nested Python dict to object

Question

I m searching for an elegant way to get data using attribute access on a dict with some nested dicts and lists  i e  javascript-style object syntax    For example    gt  gt  gt  d     a   1   b     c   2    d     hi     foo    bar       Should be accessible in this way    gt  gt  gt  x   dict2obj d   gt  gt  gt  x a 1  gt  gt  gt  x b c 2  gt  gt  gt  x d 1  foo bar   I think  this is not possible without recursion  but what would be a nice way to get an object style for dicts

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class Struct dict       def   getattr   self  name           try              return self name          except KeyError              raise AttributeError name       def   setattr   self  name  value           self name    value      def copy self           return Struct dict copy self     Usage   points   Struct x 1  y 2    Changing points  x     2 points y   1   Accessing points  x    points x  points get  x     2 2 2 points  y    points y  points get  y     1 1 1   Accessing inexistent keys attrs  points  z     KeyError  z points z   AttributeError  z   Copying points copy   points copy   points x   2 points copy x   1

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Convert dict to object  from types import SimpleNamespace  def dict2obj data                                  if not isinstance data  dict           raise ValueError  data must be dict object         def  d2o d            d              for key  item in d items                if isinstance item  dict                    d key     d2o item              else                   d key    item         return SimpleNamespace    d       return  d2o data    Reference Answer

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The simplest way would be using collections namedtuple   I find the following 4-liner the most beautiful  which supports nested dictionaries   def dict to namedtuple typename  data       return namedtuple typename  data keys               dict to namedtuple typename         k  v  if isinstance v  dict  else v for k  v in data items            The output will look good as well    gt  gt  gt  nt   dict to namedtuple  config              path     app            debug     level    error    stream    stdout            gt  gt  gt  print nt  config path   app   debug config debug level  error   stream  stdout      gt  gt  gt  print nt debug level   error

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Building off my answer to  python  How to add property to a class dynamically     class data object       def   init   self  args   argd           self   dict   update dict  args   argd    def makedata d       d2          for n in d          d2 n    trydata d n       return data d2   def trydata o       if isinstance o dict           return makedata o      elif isinstance o list           return  trydata i  for i in o      else          return o   You call makedata on the dictionary you want converted  or maybe trydata depending on what you expect as input  and it spits out a data object   Notes    You can add elifs to trydata if you need more functionality  Obviously this won t work if you want x a      or similar  If you want a readonly version  use the class data from the original answer

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This little class never gives me any problem  just extend it and use the copy   method     import simplejson as json    class BlindCopy object        def copy self  json str           dic   json loads json str          for k  v in dic iteritems                if hasattr self  k                   setattr self  k  v

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How about this   from functools import partial d2o partial type   d2o         This can then be used like this    gt  gt  gt  o d2o   a    5   b    3    gt  gt  gt  print o a 5  gt  gt  gt  print o b 3

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x   type  new dict    object    d    then add recursion to this and you re done   edit this is how I d implement it    gt  gt  gt  d   a   1   b     c   2    d     hi     foo    bar      gt  gt  gt  def obj dic d       top   type  new    object    d      seqs   tuple  list  set  frozenset     for i  j in d items            if isinstance j  dict               setattr top  i  obj dic j           elif isinstance j  seqs               setattr top  i                   type j  obj dic sj  if isinstance sj  dict  else sj for sj in j           else              setattr top  i  j      return top   gt  gt  gt  x   obj dic d   gt  gt  gt  x a 1  gt  gt  gt  x b c 2  gt  gt  gt  x d 1  foo  bar

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Updated with recursive array expansion on  max-sirwa  s code class Objectify      def   init   self    kwargs           for key  value in kwargs items                if isinstance value  dict                   f   Objectify   value                  self   dict   update  key  f               elif isinstance value  list                   t                      for i in value                      t append Objectify   i   if isinstance i  dict  else t append i                  self   dict   update  key  t               else                  self   dict   update  key  value

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I think a dict consists of number  string and dict is enough most time  So I ignore the situation that tuples  lists and other types not appearing in the final dimension of a dict    Considering inheritance  combined with recursion  it solves the print problem conveniently and also provides two ways to query a data one way to edit a data   See the example below  a dict that describes some information about students   group   class1   class2   class3   class4    rank   rank1   rank2   rank3   rank4   rank5    data   name   sex   height   weight   score     build a dict based on the lists above student dic dict   g dict   r dict   d     for d in data    for r in rank    for g in group     this is the solution class dic2class dict       def   init   self  dic           for key val in dic items                self   dict   key  self key  dic2class val  if isinstance val dict  else val   student class dic2class student dic    one way to edit  student class class1 rank1  sex    male  student class class1 rank1  name    Nan Xiang    two ways to query  print student class class1 rank1 print student class class1  rank1   print  -  50 for rank in student class class1      print getattr student class class1 rank    Results     score        sex    male    name    Nan Xiang    weight        height         score        sex    male    name    Nan Xiang    weight        height       --------------------------------------------------   score        sex        name        weight        height         score        sex        name        weight        height         score        sex    male    name    Nan Xiang    weight        height         score        sex        name        weight        height         score        sex        name        weight        height

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This is another  alternative  way to convert a list of dictionaries to an object   def dict2object in dict       class Struct object           def   init   self  in dict               for key  value in in dict items                    if isinstance value   list  tuple                        setattr                          self  key                           Struct sub dict  if isinstance sub dict  dict                           else sub dict for sub dict in value                   else                      setattr                          self  key                          Struct value  if isinstance value  dict                          else value      return  Struct sub dict  for sub dict in in dict            if isinstance in dict  list  else Struct in dict

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Wanted to upload my version of this little paradigm   class Struct dict     def   init   self data       for key  value in data items          if isinstance value  dict           setattr self  key  Struct value         else             setattr self  key  type value    init   value          dict   init   self data    It preserves the attributes for the type that s imported into the class  My only concern would be overwriting methods from within the dictionary your parsing  But otherwise seems solid

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from mock import Mock d     a   1   b     c   2    d     hi     foo    bar     my data   Mock   d     We got   my data a    1

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I wasn t satisfied with the marked and upvoted answers  so here is a simple and general solution for transforming JSON-style nested datastructures  made of dicts and lists  into hierachies of plain objects     tested in  Python 3 8 from collections import abc from typings import Any  Iterable  Mapping  Union  class DataObject      def   repr   self           return str  k  v for k  v in vars self  items      def data to object data  Union Mapping str  Any   Iterable   - gt  object              Example     -------      gt  gt  gt  data                  name    Bob Howard                positions      department    ER    manager id   13                      data to object data  positions 0  manager id     13             if isinstance data  abc Mapping           r   DataObject           for k  v in data items                if type v  is dict or type v  is list                  setattr r  k  data to object v               else                  setattr r  k  v          return r     elif isinstance data  abc Iterable           return  data to object e  for e in data      else          return data

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I know there s already a lot of answers here already and I m late to the party but this method will recursively and  in place  convert a dictionary to an object-like structure    Works in 3 x x  def dictToObject d       for k v in d items            if isinstance v  dict               d k    dictToObject v      return namedtuple  object   d keys     d values       Dictionary created from JSON file d          primaryKey    id         metadata                           rows   0                lastID   0                  columns                           col2                      dataType    string                     name    addressLine1                               col1                      datatype    string                     name    postcode                               col3                      dataType    string                     name    addressLine2                               col0                      datatype    integer                     name    id                               col4                      dataType    string                     name    contactNumber                                     secondaryKeys         d1   dictToObject d  d1 columns col1      object datatype  string   name  postcode   d1 metadata rows      0

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My dictionary is of this format   addr bk          person               name    Andrew    id   123   email    andrew mailserver com             phone      type   2   number    633311122                         type   0   number    97788665                         name    Tom    id   456            phone      type   0   number    91122334                 name    Jack    id   7788   email    jack gmail com             As can be seen  I have nested dictionaries and list of dicts  This is because the addr bk was decoded from protocol buffer data that converted to a python dict using lwpb codec  There are optional field  e g  email    where key may be unavailable  and repeated field  e g  phone    converted to list of dict    I tried all the above proposed solutions  Some doesn t handle the nested dictionaries well  Others cannot print the object details easily   Only the solution  dict2obj dict  by Dawie Strauss  works best   I have enhanced it a little to handle when the key cannot be found     Work the best  with nested dictionaries  amp  lists       Able to print out all items  class dict2obj new dict       def   init   self  dict            super dict2obj new  self    init   dict           for key in self              item   self key              if isinstance item  list                   for idx  it in enumerate item                       if isinstance it  dict                           item idx    dict2obj new it              elif isinstance item  dict                   self key    dict2obj new item       def   getattr   self  key             Enhanced to handle key not found          if self has key key               return self key          else              return None   Then  I tested it with     Testing    ab   dict2obj new addr bk   for person in ab person    print  Person ID    person id   print    Name    person name     Check if optional field is available before printing    if person email      print    E-mail address    person email      Check if optional field is available before printing    if person phone      for phone number in person phone        if phone number type    codec enums PhoneType MOBILE          print    Mobile phone            elif phone number type    codec enums PhoneType HOME          print    Home phone            else          print    Work phone            print phone number number

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Taking what I feel are the best aspects of the previous examples  here s what I came up with   class Struct       The recursive class for building and representing objects with       def   init   self  obj       for k  v in obj iteritems          if isinstance v  dict           setattr self  k  Struct v         else          setattr self  k  v    def   getitem   self  val       return self   dict   val    def   repr   self       return    s     str      join   s    s     k  repr v   for        k  v  in self   dict   iteritems

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This should get your started   class dict2obj object       def   init   self  d           self   dict    d     d      def   getattr   self  key           value   self   dict    d   key          if type value     type                  return dict2obj value           return value  d     a   1   b     c   2    d     hi     foo    bar      x   dict2obj d  print x a print x b c print x d 1  foo   It doesn t work for lists  yet  You ll have to wrap the lists in a UserList and overload   getitem   to wrap dicts

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I had some problems with   getattr   not being called so I constructed a new style class version   class Struct object          The recursive class for building and representing objects with         class NoneStruct object           def   getattribute    args               return Struct NoneStruct            def   eq   self  obj               return obj    None      def   init   self  obj           for k  v in obj iteritems                if isinstance v  dict                   setattr self  k  Struct v               else                  setattr self  k  v       def   getattribute    args           try              return object   getattribute    args          except                          return Struct NoneStruct        def   repr   self           return    s     str      join   s    s     k  repr v   for   k  v  in self   dict   iteritems       This version also has the addition of NoneStruct that is returned when an attribute is called that is not set  This allows for None testing to see if an attribute is present  Very usefull when the exact dict input is not known  settings etc     bla   Struct   a    b  1    print bla a b   gt  gt  1 print bla a c    None   gt  gt  True

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Here is a nested-ready version with namedtuple   from collections import namedtuple  class Struct object       def   new   cls  data           if isinstance data  dict               return namedtuple                   Struct   data iterkeys                                    Struct val  for val in data values                          elif isinstance data   tuple  list  set  frozenset                return type data  Struct    for   in data          else              return data        gt  gt  gt  d     a   1   b     c   2    d     hi     foo    bar      gt  gt  gt  s   Struct d   gt  gt  gt  s d   hi   Struct foo  bar     gt  gt  gt  s d 0   hi   gt  gt  gt  s d 1  foo  bar

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I ended up trying BOTH the AttrDict and the Bunch libraries and found them to be way too slow for my uses   After a friend and I looked into it  we found that the main method for writing these libraries results in the library aggressively recursing through a nested object and making copies of the dictionary object throughout   With this in mind  we made two key changes   1  We made attributes lazy-loaded 2  instead of creating copies of a dictionary object  we create copies of a light-weight proxy object   This is the final implementation   The performance increase of using this code is incredible   When using AttrDict or Bunch  these two libraries alone consumed 1 2 and 1 3 respectively of my request time what      This code reduced that time to almost nothing somewhere in the range of 0 5ms    This of course depends on your needs  but if you are using this functionality quite a bit in your code  definitely go with something simple like this     class DictProxy object       def   init   self  obj           self obj   obj      def   getitem   self  key           return wrap self obj key        def   getattr   self  key           try              return wrap getattr self obj  key           except AttributeError              try                  return self key              except KeyError                  raise AttributeError key         you probably also want to proxy important list properties along like       items    iteritems   and   len    class ListProxy object       def   init   self  obj           self obj   obj      def   getitem   self  key           return wrap self obj key          you probably also want to proxy important list properties along like         iter   and   len    def wrap value       if isinstance value  dict           return DictProxy value      if isinstance value   tuple  list            return ListProxy value      return value   See the original implementation here by https   stackoverflow com users 704327 michael-merickel   The other thing to note  is that this implementation is pretty simple and doesn t implement all of the methods you might need   You ll need to write those as required on the DictProxy or ListProxy objects

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I stumbled upon the case I needed to recursively convert a list of dicts to list of objects  so based on Roberto s snippet here what did the work for me   def dict2obj d       if isinstance d  dict           n              for item in d              if isinstance d item   dict                   n item    dict2obj d item               elif isinstance d item    list  tuple                    n item     dict2obj elem  for elem in d item               else                  n item    d item          return type  obj from dict    object    n      elif isinstance d   list  tuple             l              for item in d              l append dict2obj item           return l     else          return d   Note that any tuple will be converted to its list equivalent  for obvious reasons    Hope this helps someone as much as all your answers did for me  guys

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Surprisingly no one has mentioned Bunch  This library is exclusively meant to provide attribute style access to dict objects and does exactly what the OP wants  A demonstration    gt  gt  gt  from bunch import bunchify  gt  gt  gt  d     a   1   b     c   2    d     hi     foo    bar      gt  gt  gt  x   bunchify d   gt  gt  gt  x a 1  gt  gt  gt  x b c 2  gt  gt  gt  x d 1  foo  bar    A Python 3 library is available at https   github com Infinidat munch - Credit goes to codyzu

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gt  gt  gt  def dict2obj d           if isinstance d  list               d    dict2obj x  for x in d          if not isinstance d  dict               return d         class C object               pass         o   C           for k in d              o   dict   k    dict2obj d k           return o    gt  gt  gt  d     a   1   b     c   2    d     hi     foo    bar      gt  gt  gt  x   dict2obj d   gt  gt  gt  x a 1  gt  gt  gt  x b c 2  gt  gt  gt  x d 1  foo  bar

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You can leverage the json module of the standard library with a custom object hook   import json  class obj object       def   init   self  dict            self   dict   update dict    def dict2obj d       return json loads json dumps d   object hook obj    Example usage    gt  gt  gt  d     a   1   b     c   2    d     hi     foo    bar      gt  gt  gt  o   dict2obj d   gt  gt  gt  o a 1  gt  gt  gt  o b c 2  gt  gt  gt  o d 0  u hi   gt  gt  gt  o d 1  foo u bar    And it is not strictly read-only as it is with namedtuple  i e  you can change values     not structure    gt  gt  gt  o b c   3  gt  gt  gt  o b c 3

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Old Q amp A  but I get something more to talk  Seems no one talk about recursive dict  This is my code      usr bin env python  class Object  dict        def   init    self  data   None            super  Object  self     init             if data              self   update  data            def   update  self  data  did            dataid   id data          did  dataid     self          for k in data              dkid   id data k               if did has key dkid                   self k    did dkid              elif isinstance  data k   Object                    self k    data k              elif isinstance  data k   dict                    obj   Object                   obj   update  data k   did                   self k    obj                 obj   None             else                  self k    data k       def   getattr    self  key            return self get  key  None        def   setattr    self  key  value            if isinstance value dict               self key    Object  value           else              self key    value      def update  self   args            for obj in args              for k in obj                  if isinstance obj k  dict                       self k    Object  obj k                    else                      self k    obj k          return self      def merge  self   args            for obj in args              for k in obj                  if self has key k                       if isinstance self k  list  and isinstance obj k  list                           self k     obj k                      elif isinstance self k  list                           self k  append  obj k                        elif isinstance obj k  list                           self k     self k     obj k                      elif isinstance self k  Object  and isinstance obj k  Object                           self k  merge  obj k                        elif isinstance self k  Object  and isinstance obj k  dict                           self k  merge  obj k                        else                          self k      self k   obj k                    else                      if isinstance obj k  dict                           self k    Object  obj k                        else                          self k    obj k          return self  def test01        class UObject  Object            pass     obj   Object  1 2       d          d update            a   1           b                  c   2               d     3  4  5                 e      6 7    8 9                  self   d                     1  10           1   11           obj   obj             x   UObject d        assert x a    x  a      1     assert x b c    x  b    c      2     assert x b d 0     3     assert x b d 1     4     assert x b e 0  0     6     assert x b e 1  0     8     assert x 1     10     assert x  1      11     assert x 1     x  1       assert id x     id x b self b self     id x b self      assert x b self a    x b self b self a    1      x x   12     assert x x    x  x      12     x y     a  13  b   14 15       assert x y a    13     assert x y b 0     14  def test02        x   Object            a                  b   1               c     2  3                      1  6          2    8  9            3  11             y   Object            a                  b   4               c     5                      1  7          2  10          3    12   13               z             3  14          2  15           a                  b   16               c   17                      x merge  y  z       assert 2 in x a c     assert 3 in x a c     assert 5 in x a c     assert 1 in x a b     assert 4 in x a b     assert 8 in x 2      assert 9 in x 2      assert 10 in x 2      assert 11 in x 3      assert 12 in x 3      assert 13 in x 3      assert 14 in x 3      assert 15 in x 2      assert 16 in x a b     assert 17 in x a c  if   name         main         test01       test02

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Here s another implementation   class DictObj object       def   init   self  d           self   dict     d  def dict to obj d       if isinstance d   list  tuple    return map dict to obj  d      elif not isinstance d  dict   return d     return DictObj dict  k  dict to obj v   for  k v  in d iteritems        Edit  Missed bit about also handling dicts within lists  not just other dicts   Added fix

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This also works well too  class DObj object       pass  dobj   Dobj   dobj   dict       a    aaa    b    bbb    print dobj a  gt  gt  gt  aaa print dobj b  gt  gt  gt  bbb

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What about just assigning your dict to the   dict   of an empty object   class Object         If your dict is  flat   this is a simple way to create an object from a dict       gt  gt  gt  obj   Object        gt  gt  gt  obj   dict     d      gt  gt  gt  d a     1             pass   Of course this fails on your nested dict example unless you walk the dict recursively     For a nested dict  you need to recursively update   dict   def dict2obj d          Convert a dict to an object       gt  gt  gt  d     a   1   b     c   2    d     hi     foo    bar          gt  gt  gt  obj   dict2obj d       gt  gt  gt  obj b c     2      gt  gt  gt  obj d       hi     foo    bar                try          d   dict d      except  TypeError  ValueError           return d     obj   Object       for k  v in d iteritems            obj   dict   k    dict2obj v      return obj   And your example list element was probably meant to be a Mapping  a list of  key  value  pairs like this    gt  gt  gt  d     a   1   b     c   2    d      hi     foo    bar       gt  gt  gt  obj   dict2obj d   gt  gt  gt  obj d hi foo  bar

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Here is another way to implement SilentGhost s original suggestion   def dict2obj d     if isinstance d  dict       n          for item in d        if isinstance d item   dict           n item    dict2obj d item         elif isinstance d item    list  tuple            n item     dict2obj elem  for elem in d item         else          n item    d item      return type  obj from dict    object    n    else      return d

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If your dict is coming from json loads    you can turn it into an object instead  rather than a dict  in one line   import json from collections import namedtuple  json loads data  object hook lambda d  namedtuple  X   d keys     d values       See also How to convert JSON data into a Python object

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Building on what was done earlier by the accepted answer  if you would like to have it recursive   class FullStruct      def   init   self    kwargs           for key  value in kwargs items                if isinstance value  dict                   f   FullStruct   value                  self   dict   update  key  f               else                  self   dict   update  key  value

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x   dict   update d  should do fine

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There s a  collection helper called namedtuple  that can do this for you    from collections import namedtuple  d named   namedtuple  Struct   d keys     d values     In  7   d named Out 7   Struct a 1  b   c   2   d   hi     foo    bar      In  8   d named a Out 8   1

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Typically you want to mirror dict hierarchy into your object but not list or tuples which are typically at lowest level  So this is how I did this   class defDictToObject object        def   init   self  myDict           for key  value in myDict items                if type value     dict                  setattr self  key  defDictToObject value               else                  setattr self  key  value    So we do   myDict      a   1              b                     b1     x   1                       y   2                 c     hi    bar                 and get   x b b1 x 1  x c   hi    bar

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class obj object       def   init   self  d           for a  b in d items                if isinstance b   list  tuple                   setattr self  a   obj x  if isinstance x  dict  else x for x in b               else                 setattr self  a  obj b  if isinstance b  dict  else b    gt  gt  gt  d     a   1   b     c   2    d     hi     foo    bar      gt  gt  gt  x   obj d   gt  gt  gt  x b c 2  gt  gt  gt  x d 1  foo  bar

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Applies to Python-3 Standard Library class Struct object       def   init   self  data           for name  value in data items                setattr self  name  self  wrap value        def  wrap self  value           if isinstance value   tuple  list  set  frozenset                 return type value   self  wrap v  for v in value           else              return Struct value  if isinstance value  dict  else value     Applies to Python-2 Standard Library class Struct object       def   init   self  data           for name  value in data iteritems                setattr self  name  self  wrap value        def  wrap self  value           if isinstance value   tuple  list  set  frozenset                 return type value   self  wrap v  for v in value           else              return Struct value  if isinstance value  dict  else value  Can be used with any sequence dict value structure of any depth

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If you want to access dict keys as an object  or as a dict for difficult keys   do it recursively  and also be able to update the original dict  you could do   class Dictate object          Object view of a dict  updating the passed in dict when values are set     or deleted   Dictate  the contents of a dict              def   init   self  d             since   setattr   is overridden  self   dict   d doesn t work         object   setattr   self    Dictate  dict   d         Dictionary-like access   updates     def   getitem   self  name           value   self   dict name          if isinstance value  dict      recursively view sub-dicts as objects             value   Dictate value          return value      def   setitem   self  name  value           self   dict name    value     def   delitem   self  name           del self   dict name         Object-like access   updates     def   getattr   self  name           return self name       def   setattr   self  name  value           self name    value     def   delattr   self  name           del self name       def   repr   self           return   s  r      type self    name    self   dict      def   str   self           return str self   dict    Example usage   d     a    b   1  2  dd   Dictate d  assert dd a     b     Access like an object assert dd 1     2    Access like a dict   Updates affect d dd c    d  assert d  c       d  del dd a del dd 1    Inner dicts are mapped dd e      dd e f    g  assert dd  e   f     g  assert d      c    d    e     f    g

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Let me explain a solution I almost used some time ago  But first  the reason I did not is illustrated by the fact that the following code   d     from   1  x   dict2obj d   print x from   gives this error     File  test py   line 20     print x from    1                   SyntaxError  invalid syntax   Because  from  is a Python keyword there are certain dictionary keys you cannot allow     Now my solution allows access to the dictionary items by using their names directly  But it also allows you to use  dictionary semantics   Here is the code with example usage   class dict2obj dict       def   init   self  dict            super dict2obj  self    init   dict           for key in self              item   self key              if isinstance item  list                   for idx  it in enumerate item                       if isinstance it  dict                           item idx    dict2obj it              elif isinstance item  dict                   self key    dict2obj item       def   getattr   self  key           return self key   d     a   1   b     c   2    d     hi     foo    bar      x   dict2obj d   assert x a    x  a      1 assert x b c    x  b    c      2 assert x d 1  foo    x  d   1   foo       bar

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Update  In Python 2 6 and onwards  consider whether the namedtuple data structure suits your needs    gt  gt  gt  from collections import namedtuple  gt  gt  gt  MyStruct   namedtuple  MyStruct    a b d    gt  gt  gt  s   MyStruct a 1  b   c   2   d   hi     gt  gt  gt  s MyStruct a 1  b   c   2   d   hi     gt  gt  gt  s a 1  gt  gt  gt  s b   c   2   gt  gt  gt  s c Traceback  most recent call last     File   lt stdin gt    line 1  in  lt module gt  AttributeError   MyStruct  object has no attribute  c   gt  gt  gt  s d   hi     The alternative  original answer contents  is   class Struct      def   init   self    entries           self   dict   update entries    Then  you can use    gt  gt  gt  args     a   1   b   2   gt  gt  gt  s   Struct   args   gt  gt  gt  s  lt   main   Struct instance at 0x01D6A738 gt   gt  gt  gt  s a 1  gt  gt  gt  s b 2

[python] Convert nested Python dict to object?

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