Pure/vanilla JS solution (working example here)
// All elements with data-company="Microsoft" below "Companies"
let a = document.querySelectorAll("[data-group='Companies'] [data-company='Microsoft']");
// All elements with data-company!="Microsoft" below "Companies"
let b = document.querySelectorAll("[data-group='Companies'] :not([data-company='Microsoft'])");
In querySelectorAll you must use valid CSS selector (currently Level3)
SPEED TEST (2018.06.29) for jQuery and Pure JS: test was performed on MacOs High Sierra 10.13.3 on Chrome 67.0.3396.99 (64-bit), Safari 11.0.3 (13604.5.6), Firefox 59.0.2 (64-bit). Below screenshot shows results for fastest browser (Safari):
PureJS was faster than jQuery about 12% on Chrome, 21% on Firefox and 25% on Safari. Interestingly speed for Chrome was 18.9M operation per second, Firefox 26M, Safari 160.9M (!).
So winner is PureJS and fastest browser is Safari (more than 8x faster than Chrome!)
Here you can perform test on your machine: https://jsperf.com/js-selectors-x