[c++] Pass by pointer & Pass by reference

Possible Duplicate:
What are the differences between pointer variable and reference variable in C++?
Are there benefits of passing by pointer over passing by reference in C++?

In both cases, I achieved the result. So when is one preferred over the other? What are the reasons we use one over the other?

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void swap(int* x, int* y)
{
    int z = *x;
    *x=*y;
    *y=z;
}
void swap(int& x, int& y)
{
    int z = x;
    x=y;
    y=z;
}

int main()
{
    int a = 45;
    int b = 35;
    cout<<"Before Swap\n";
    cout<<"a="<<a<<" b="<<b<<"\n";

    swap(&a,&b);
    cout<<"After Swap with pass by pointer\n";
    cout<<"a="<<a<<" b="<<b<<"\n";

    swap(a,b);
    cout<<"After Swap with pass by reference\n";
    cout<<"a="<<a<<" b="<<b<<"\n";
}

Output

Before Swap
a=45 b=35
After Swap with pass by pointer
a=35 b=45

After Swap with pass by reference
a=45 b=35

Use references all the time and pointers only when you have to refer to NULL which reference cannot refer.

See this FAQ : http://www.parashift.com/c++-faq-lite/references.html#faq-8.6

Here is a good article on the matter - "Use references when you can, and pointers when you have to."

Pass by pointer is the only way you could pass "by reference" in C, so you still see it used quite a bit.

The NULL pointer is a handy convention for saying a parameter is unused or not valid, so use a pointer in that case.

References can't be updated once they're set, so use a pointer if you ever need to reassign it.

Prefer a reference in every case where there isn't a good reason not to. Make it const if you can.

In fact, most compilers emit the same code for both functions calls, because references are generally implemented using pointers.

Following this logic, when an argument of (non-const) reference type is used in the function body, the generated code will just silently operate on the address of the argument and it will dereference it. In addition, when a call to such a function is encountered, the compiler will generate code that passes the address of the arguments instead of copying their value.

Basically, references and pointers are not very different from an implementation point of view, the main (and very important) difference is in the philosophy: a reference is the object itself, just with a different name.

References have a couple more advantages compared to pointers (e. g. they can't be NULL, so they are safer to use). Consequently, if you can use C++, then passing by reference is generally considered more elegant and it should be preferred. However, in C, there's no passing by reference, so if you want to write C code (or, horribile dictu, code that compiles with both a C and a C++ compiler, albeit that's not a good idea), you'll have to restrict yourself to using pointers.