HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\NET Framework Setup\NDP\ explore the children and look into each version. The one with key 'Full' is the version on the system.
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/318785 https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh925568(v=vs.110).aspx
Help -> About Microsoft Visual Studio -> The .NET version is specified on the top right.
As I understand at this time the Visual studio uses .NET Framework from the OS.
The target .NET Framework version of a project in Visual Studio can be modified with Project Properties -> Application -> Target Framework
If you know the .NET Framework directory e.g. C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319
Open System.dll, right click -> properties -> Details tab
Help -> About Microsoft Visual Studio
In the installed products lists there is Visual C#. In my case Visual C# 2015
Visual Studio (Microsoft) ships C# by name Visual C#.
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh156499.aspx
C# 6, Visual Studio .NET 2015 Current version, see below