urllib and SSL CERTIFICATE VERIFY FAILED Error

Question

I am getting the following error   Exception in thread Thread-3  Traceback  most recent call last   File   Library Frameworks Python framework Versions 2 7 lib python2 7 threading py   line 810  in          bootstrap inner self run   File   Library Frameworks Python framework Versions 2 7 lib python2 7 threading py   line 763  in  run self   target  self   args    self   kwargs  File   Users Matthew Desktop Skypebot 2 0 bot py   line 271  in process info   urllib2 urlopen req  read   File   Library Frameworks Python framework Versions 2 7 lib python2 7 urllib2 py   line 154  in urlopen return opener open url  data  timeout  File   Library Frameworks Python framework Versions 2 7 lib python2 7 urllib2 py   line 431  in open response   self  open req  data  File   Library Frameworks Python framework Versions 2 7 lib python2 7 urllib2 py   line 449  in  open   open   req  File   Library Frameworks Python framework Versions 2 7 lib python2 7 urllib2 py   line 409  in  call chain result   func  args  File   Library Frameworks Python framework Versions 2 7 lib python2 7 urllib2 py   line 1240  in https open context self  context  File   Library Frameworks Python framework Versions 2 7 lib python2 7 urllib2 py   line 1197  in do open raise URLError err  URLError   lt urlopen error  SSL  CERTIFICATE VERIFY FAILED  certificate verify failed   ssl c 581  gt    This is the code that is causing this error   if input startswith   web        input   input replace   web                  url    https   domainsearch p mashape com index php name     input     req   urllib2 Request url  headers    X-Mashape-Key    XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX         info   urllib2 urlopen req  read       Message Chat SendMessage       info    The API I m using requires me to use HTTPS  How can I make it bypass the verification

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For Linux Python3 6  this worked for me   from command line install pyopenssl and certifi  sudo pip3 install -U pyopenssl sudo pip3 install certifi   and in my python3 script  added verify   usr lib python3 6 site-packages certifi cacert pem  like this   import requests from requests auth import HTTPBasicAuth import certifi  auth   HTTPBasicAuth  username    password   body       r   requests post url  https   your url com   data body  auth auth  verify   usr lib python3 6 site-packages certifi cacert pem

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For anyone using mechanize who comes across this question  here s how you can apply the same technique to a mechanize Browser instance   br   mechanize Browser   context   ssl  create unverified context   br set ca data context context

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If you just want to bypass verification  you can create a new SSLContext  By default newly created contexts use CERT NONE   Be careful with this as stated in section 17 3 7 2 1     When calling the SSLContext constructor directly  CERT NONE is the default  Since it does not authenticate the other peer  it can be insecure  especially in client mode where most of time you would like to ensure the authenticity of the server you   re talking to  Therefore  when in client mode  it is highly recommended to use CERT REQUIRED     But if you just want it to work now for some other reason you can do the following  you ll have to import ssl as well   input   input replace   web              url    https   domainsearch p mashape com index php name     input req   urllib2 Request url  headers    X-Mashape-Key    XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX     gcontext   ssl SSLContext      Only for gangstars info   urllib2 urlopen req  context gcontext  read   Message Chat SendMessage       info    This should get round your problem but you re not really solving any of the issues  but you won t see the  SSL  CERTIFICATE VERIFY FAILED  because you now aren t verifying the cert   To add to the above  if you want to know more about why you are seeing these issues you will want to have a look at PEP 476      This PEP proposes to enable verification of X509 certificate signatures  as well as hostname verification for Python s HTTP clients by default  subject to opt-out on a per-call basis  This change would be applied to Python 2 7  Python 3 4  and Python 3 5     There is an advised opt out which isn t dissimilar to my advice above   import ssl    This restores the same behavior as before  context   ssl  create unverified context   urllib urlopen  https   no-valid-cert   context context    It also features a highly discouraged option via monkeypatching which you don t often see in python   import ssl  ssl  create default https context   ssl  create unverified context   Which overrides the default function for context creation with the function to create an unverified context   Please note with this as stated in the PEP      This guidance is aimed primarily at system administrators that wish to adopt newer versions of Python that implement this PEP in legacy environments that do not yet support certificate verification on HTTPS connections  For example  an administrator may opt out by adding the monkeypatch above to sitecustomize py in their Standard Operating Environment for Python  Applications and libraries SHOULD NOT be making this change process wide  except perhaps in response to a system administrator controlled configuration setting      If you want to read a paper on why not validating certs is bad in software you can find it here

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My solution for Mac OS X   1  Upgrade to Python 3 6 5 using the native app Python installer downloaded from the official Python language website https   www python org downloads    I ve found that this installer is taking care of updating the links and symlinks for the new Python a lot better than homebrew    2  Install a new certificate using    Install Certificates command  which is in the refreshed Python 3 6 directory    gt  cd   Applications Python 3 6    gt  sudo    Install Certificates command

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ln -s  usr local share certs ca-root-nss crt  etc ssl cert pem   FreeBSD 10 1

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Installing PyOpenSSL using pip worked for me  without converting to PEM    pip install PyOpenSSL

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If your on vCenter 6  you should instead add your vCenter s vmware certificate authority cert to your OS s list of trusted CA s  To download your cert do the following   Open your Web browser  Navigate to https    In the lower right-hand corner  click the Download Trusted Root CA link    On Fedora    unzip and change the extension from  0 to  cer  Copy it to the  etc pki ca-trust source anchors  run the update-ca-trust command    Links    https   virtualizationreview com articles 2015 04 02 install-root-self-signed-certificate-vcenter-6 aspx m 1 http   forums fedoraforum org showthread php t 293856

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On Windows  Python does not look at the system certificate  it uses its own located at   lib site-packages certifi cacert pem   The solution to your problem     download the domain validation certificate as   crt or  pem file open the file in editor and copy it s content to clipboard find your cacert pem location  from requests utils import DEFAULT CA BUNDLE PATH  print DEFAULT CA BUNDLE PATH  edit the cacert pem file and paste your domain validation certificate at the end of the file  Save the file and enjoy requests

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Like you  I am using python 2 7 on my old iMac  OS X 10 6 8   I met the problem too  using urllib2 urlopen     urlopen error  SSL  CERTIFICATE VERIFY FAILED    My programs were running fine without SSL certificate problems and suddently  after dowloading programs   they crashed with this SSL error   The problem was the version of python used     No problem with https   www python org downloads and python-2 7 9-macosx10 6 pkg problem with the one instaled by Homebrew tool    brew install python   version located in  usr local bin    A chapter  called Certificate verification and OpenSSL  CHANGED for Python 2 7 9   in  Applications Python 2 7 ReadMe rtf explains the problem with many details   So  check  download and put in your PATH the right version of python

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Like I ve written in a comment  this problem is probably related to this SO answer    In short  there are multiple ways to verify the certificate  The verification used by OpenSSL is incompatible with the trusted root certificates you have on your system  OpenSSL is used by Python   You could try to get the missing certificate for Verisign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority and then use the cafile option according to the Python documentation   urllib2 urlopen req  cafile  verisign pem

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Take a look at   Applications Python 3 6 Install Certificates command  You can also go to Aplications ans click on Certificates command

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If you have private certs to deal with  like your orgs own CA root and intermediates part of the chain  then better to add the certs to the ca file viz  cacert pem than bypassing the entire security apparatus  verify False   Below code gets you going in both 2 7  and 3   Consider adding the whole cert chain and off course you need to do this only once   import certifi  cafile certifi where     cacert file with open   rootca pem   rb   as infile      customca infile read       with open cafile  ab   as outfile          outfile write customca  with open   interca pem   rb   as infile      customca infile read       with open cafile  ab   as outfile          outfile write customca  with open   issueca pem   rb   as infile      customca infile read       with open cafile  ab   as outfile          outfile write customca    Then this should get you going  import requests response   requests request  GET    https   yoursecuresite com    data       print response text encode  utf8      Hope this helps

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I had a similar problem on one of my Linux machines  Generating fresh certificates and exporting an environment variable pointing to the certificates directory fixed it for me     sudo update-ca-certificates --fresh   export SSL CERT DIR  etc ssl certs

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Solution for Anaconda  My setup is Anaconda Python 3 7 on MacOS with a proxy  The paths are different    This is how you get the correct certificates path    import ssl ssl get default verify paths     which on my system produced   Out 35   DefaultVerifyPaths cafile   miniconda3 ssl cert pem   capath None   openssl cafile env  SSL CERT FILE   openssl cafile   miniconda3 ssl cert pem    openssl capath env  SSL CERT DIR   openssl capath   miniconda3 ssl certs     Once you know where the certificate goes  then you concatenate the certificate used by the proxy to the end of that file    I had already set up conda to work with my proxy  by running    conda config --set ssl verify  lt pathToYourFile gt  crt   If you don t remember where your cert is  you can find it in    condarc   ssl verify   lt pathToYourFile gt  crt   Now concatenate that file to the end of  miniconda3 ssl cert pem and requests should work  and in particular sklearn datasets and similar tools should work   Further Caveats  The other solutions did not work because the Anaconda setup is slightly different    The path Applications Python  3 X simply doesn t exist   The path provided by the commands below is the WRONG path   from requests utils import DEFAULT CA BUNDLE PATH DEFAULT CA BUNDLE PATH

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I am surprised all these instruction didn t solved my problem   Nonetheless  the diagnostic is correct  BTW  I am using Mac and Python3 6 1    So  to summarize the correct part     On Mac  Apple is dropping OpenSSL Python now uses it own set of CA Root Certificate Binary Python installation provided a script to install the CA Root certificate Python needs    Applications Python 3 6 Install Certificates command   Read   Applications Python 3 6 ReadMe rtf  for details   For me  the script doesn t work  and all those certifi and openssl installation failed to fix too   Maybe because I have multiple python 2 and 3 installations  as well as many virtualenv   At the end  I need to fix it by hand   pip install certifi     for your virtualenv mkdir -p  Library Frameworks Python framework Versions 3 6 etc openssl cp -a  lt your virtualenv gt  site-package certifi cacert pem      Library Frameworks Python framework Versions 3 6 etc openssl cert pem   If that still fails you  Then re install OpenSSL as well   port install openssl

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I had this problem solved by closing Fiddler  an HTTP debugging proxy  check if you have a proxy enabled and try again

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import requests requests packages urllib3 disable warnings    import ssl  try       create unverified https context   ssl  create unverified context except AttributeError        Legacy Python that doesn t verify HTTPS certificates by default     pass else        Handle target environment that doesn t support HTTPS verification     ssl  create default https context    create unverified https context   Taken from here https   gist github com michaelrice a6794a017e349fc65d01

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Python 2 7 on Amazon EC2 with centOS 7  I had to set the env variable SSL CERT DIR to point to my ca-bundle which was located at  etc ssl certs ca-bundle crt

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cd  HOME   wget --quiet https   curl haxx se ca cacert pem   export SSL CERT FILE  HOME cacert pem   Source  https   access redhat com articles 2039753

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Already lots of answers here  but we ran into this in a very specific case and blew a lot of time investigating  so adding yet another one  We saw it in the following case    In a debian-stretch-slim docker container Default Python 3 5 3 easy install3 For LetsEncrypt certificates registered using cert-manager in our Kubernetes cluster   pip3 and openssl command line were both able to verify the cert and easy install3 was able to verify other LetsEncrypt certs successfully   The workaround was to build the latest Python  3 7 3 at the time  from source  The instructions here are detailed and easy to follow

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I need to add another answer because just like Craig Glennie  I went on a wild goose chase due to the many posts referring to this problem across the Web   I am using MacPorts  and what I originally thought was a Python problem was in fact a MacPorts problem  it does not install a root certificate with its installation of openssl  The solution is to port install curl-ca-bundle  as mentioned in this blog post

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This isn t a solution to your specific problem  but I m putting it here because this thread is the top Google result for  SSL  CERTIFICATE VERIFY FAILED   and it lead me on a wild goose chase   If you have installed Python 3 6 on OSX and are getting the  SSL  CERTIFICATE VERIFY FAILED  error when trying to connect to an https    site  it s probably because Python 3 6 on OSX has no certificates at all  and can t validate any SSL connections  This is a change for 3 6 on OSX  and requires a post-install step  which installs the certifi package of certificates  This is documented in the ReadMe  which you should find at  Applications Python  3 6 ReadMe rtf  The ReadMe will have you run this post-install script  which just installs certifi   Applications Python  3 6 Install  Certificates command  Release notes have some more info  https   www python org downloads release python-360

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For Python 3 4  on Centos 6 7 Fedora  just install the trusted CA this way     Copy the CA crt to  etc pki ca-trust source anchors  update-ca-trust force-enable update-ca-trust extract

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The SSL  CERTIFICATE VERIFY FAILED error could also occur because an Intermediate Certificate is missing in the ca-certificates package on Linux  For example  in my case the intermediate certificate  DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA  was missing in the ca-certificates package even though the Firefox browser includes it  You can find out which certificate is missing by directly running the wget command on the URL causing this error  Then you can search for the corresponding link to the CRT file for this certificate from the official website  e g  https   www digicert com digicert-root-certificates htm in my case  of the Certificate Authority  Now  to include the certificate that is missing in your case  you may run the below commands using your CRT file download link instead   wget https   cacerts digicert com DigiCertSHA2SecureServerCA crt  mv DigiCertSHA2SecureServerCA crt DigiCertSHA2SecureServerCA der  openssl x509 -inform DER -outform PEM -in DigiCertSHA2SecureServerCA der -out DigicertSHA2SecureServerCA pem crt  sudo mkdir  usr share ca-certificates extra  sudo cp DigicertSHA2SecureServerCA pem crt  usr share ca-certificates extra   sudo dpkg-reconfigure ca-certificates   After this you may test again with wget for your URL as well as by using the python urllib package  For more details  refer to  https   bugs launchpad net ubuntu  source ca-certificates  bug 1795242

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In my case I was getting this error because requests and urllib3 versions were incompatible  giving the following error during installation    ERROR  requests 2 21 0 has requirement urllib3 lt 1 25  gt  1 21 1  but you ll have urllib3 1 25 which is incompatible    pip install  urllib3 lt 1 25  --force-reinstall   did the trick

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Installing certifi on Mac solved my issue   pip install certifi

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To expand on Craig Glennie s answer   in Python 3 6 1 on MacOs Sierra  Entering this in the bash terminal solved the problem   pip install certifi  Applications Python  3 6 Install  Certificates command

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import request  response   requests get  quot url api that you want to hit quot   verify  quot path to ssl certificate quot   For me the problem was that none of the above answers completely helped me but gave me the right direction to look at  For sure  SSL certificate is needed but when you are behind the company s firewall then publicly available certificates might not help  You might need to reach out to the IT department of your company to obtain the certificate as each company uses special certificate from the security provider they have contracted the services from  And place it in a folder and pass the path to that folder as an argument to verify parameter  For me even after trying all the above solutions and using the wrong certificate I was not able to make it work  So just remember for those who are behind company s firewall to obtain the right certificate  It can make a difference between success and failure of your request call  In my case I placed the certificate in the following path and it worked like magic  C  Program Files Common Files ssl You could also refer https   2 python-requests org en master user advanced  id3 which talks about ssl verification

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Try     pip install --trusted-host pypi python org packagename   It worked for me

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I had this problem with Python 2 7 9 Here is what I did   Uninstalled Python 2 7 9 Deleted c  Python27 folder Downloaded Python 2 7 18 which is the latest Python 2 7 release today  Re-run my application And it worked   There isnt any   quot  CERTIFICATE VERIFY FAILED  certificate verify failed   ssl c 581  quot  error anymore

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I was having a similar problem  though I was using urllib request urlopen in Python 3 4  3 5  and 3 6   This is a portion of the Python 3 equivalent of urllib2  per the note at the head of Python 2 s urllib2 documentation page    My solution was to pip install certifi to install certifi  which has          a carefully curated collection of Root Certificates for validating the trustworthiness of SSL certificates while verifying the identity of TLS hosts    Then  in my code where I previously just had   import urllib request as urlrq  resp   urlrq urlopen  https   example com bar baz html     I revised it to   import urllib request as urlrq import certifi  resp   urlrq urlopen  https   example com bar baz html   cafile certifi where      If I read the urllib2 urlopen documentation correctly  it also has a cafile argument  So  urllib2 urlopen        certifi where    might work for Python 2 7 as well     UPDATE  2020-01-01   As of Python 3 6  the cafile argument to urlopen has been deprecated  with the context argument supposed to be specified instead  I found the following to work equally well on 3 5 through 3 8   import urllib request as urlrq import certifi import ssl  resp   urlrq urlopen  https   example com bar baz html   context ssl create default context cafile certifi where

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You could try adding this to your environment variables  PYTHONHTTPSVERIFY 0   Note that this will disable all HTTPS verification so is a bit of a sledgehammer approach  however if verification isn t required it may be an effective solution

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There are cases when you can not use insecure connections or pass ssl context into urllib request  Here my solution based on  https   stackoverflow com a 28052583 6709778  In a case if you want use your own cert file  import ssl  def new ssl context decorator  args    kwargs       kwargs  cafile       etc ssl certs ca-certificates crt      return ssl create default context  args    kwargs   ssl  create default https context   ssl  create unverified context   or you can use shared file from certifi  def new ssl context decorator  args    kwargs       import certifi     kwargs  cafile     certifi where       return ssl create default context  args    kwargs

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I have found this over here  I found this solution  insert this code at the beginning of your source file   import ssl  try      create unverified https context   ssl  create unverified context except AttributeError        Legacy Python that doesn t verify HTTPS certificates by default     pass else        Handle target environment that doesn t support HTTPS verification     ssl  create default https context    create unverified https context   This code makes the verification undone so that the ssl certification is not verified

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Another Anaconda solution  I was getting CERTIFICATE VERIFY FAILED in my Python 2 7 environment on macOS  It turns out the conda paths were bad   base  3 7  environment    gt  gt  gt  import ssl  gt  gt  gt  ssl get default verify paths   DefaultVerifyPaths cafile   usr local anaconda3 ssl cert pem   capath None  openssl cafile env  SSL CERT FILE   openssl cafile   usr local anaconda3 ssl cert pem   openssl capath env  SSL CERT DIR   openssl capath   usr local anaconda3 ssl certs     2 7 environment  paths did not exist     DefaultVerifyPaths cafile     capath None  openssl cafile env  SSL CERT FILE   openssl cafile   usr local anaconda3 envs py27 ssl cert pem   openssl capath env  SSL CERT DIR   openssl capath   usr local anaconda3 envs py27 ssl certs     The fix   cd  usr local anaconda3 envs py27  mkdir ssl cd ssl ln -s          ssl cert pem

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I hang my head in semi-shame  as I had the same issue  except that in my case  the URL I was hitting was valid  the certificate was valid   What wasn t valid was my connection out to the web   I had failed to add proxy details into the browser  IE in this case    This stopped the verification process from happening correctly  Added in the proxy details and my python was then very happy

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installing steps for nltk  I had python3  3 6 2  installed already in MAC OS X sudo easy install pip  use ignore installed option to ignore uninstalling previous version of six  else  it gives an error while uninstalling and does not movie forward sudo pip3 install -U nltk --ignore-installed six  Check the installation of pip and python  use the  3  versions which python python2 python3 which pip pip2 pip3  Check if NLTK is installed python3 import nltk nltk   path      Library Frameworks Python framework Versions 3 6 lib python3 6 site-packages nltk    Install SSL certificate prior to installing the examples book  else we will certificate error while installing the examples  Applications Python  3 6 Install  Certificates command python3 -m nltk downloader book  That completed the installation successfully of nltk and nltk ata for book examples

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Python 2 7 12  default  Jul 29 2016  15 26 22  fixed the mentioned issue  This information might help someone else

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In python 2 7 adding Trusted root CA details at the end in file C  Python27 lib site-packages certifi cacert pem helped  after that i did run  using admin rights  pip install --trusted-host pypi python org --trusted-host pypi org --trusted-host files pythonhosted org packageName

[python] urllib and "SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED" Error

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