[database] What's wrong with foreign keys?

I also think that foreign keys are a necessity in most databases. The only drawback (besides the performance hit that comes with having enforced consistence) is that having a foreign key allows people to write code that assumes there is a functional foreign key. That should never be allowed.

For example, I've seen people write code that inserts into the referenced table and then attempts inserts into the referencing table without verifying the first insert was successful. If the foreign key is removed at a later time, that results in an inconsistent database.

You also don't have the option of assuming a specific behavior on update or delete. You still need to write your code to do what you want regardless of whether there is a foreign key present. If you assume deletes are cascaded when they are not, your deletes will fail. If you assume updates to the referenced columns are propogated to the referencing rows when they are not, your updates will fail. For the purposes of writing code, you might as well not have those features.

If those features are turned on, then your code will emulate them anyway and you'll lose a little performance.

So, the summary.... Foreign keys are essential if you need a consistent database. Foreign keys should never be assumed to be present or functional in code that you write.

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What's wrong with foreign keys?