Naming Classes - How to avoid calling everything a WhatEver Manager

Question

A long time ago I have read an article  I believe a blog entry  which put me on the  right  track on naming objects  Be very very scrupulous about naming things in your program   For example if my application was  as a typical business app  handling users  companies and addresses I d have a User  a Company and an Address domain class - and probably somewhere a UserManager  a CompanyManager and an AddressManager would pop up that handles those things   So can you tell what those UserManager  CompanyManager and AddressManager do  No  because Manager is a very very generic term that fits to anything you can do with your domain objects   The article I read recommended using very specific names  If it was a C   application and the UserManager s job was allocating and freeing users from the heap it would not manage the users but guard their birth and death  Hmm  maybe we could call this a UserShepherd   Or maybe the UserManager s job is to examine each User object s data and sign the data cryptographically  Then we d have a UserRecordsClerk   Now that this idea stuck with me I try to apply it  And find this simple idea amazingly hard   I can describe what the classes do and  as long as I don t slip into quick  amp  dirty coding  the classes I write do exactly one thing  What I miss to go from that description to the names is a kind of catalogue of names  a vocabulary that maps the concepts to names   Ultimately I d like to have something like a pattern catalogue in my mind  frequently design patterns easily provide the object names  e g  a factory    Factory - Creates other objects  naming taken from the design pattern  Shepherd - A shepherd handles the lifetime of objects  their creation and shutdown Synchronizer - Copies data between two or more objects  or object hierarchies  Nanny - Helps objects reach  usable  state after creation - for example by wiring to other objects etc etc    So  how do you handle that issue  Do you have a fixed vocabulary  do you invent new names on the fly or do you consider naming things not-so-important or wrong   P S   I m also interested in links to articles and blogs discussing the issue  As a start  here is the original article that got me thinking about it  Naming Java Classes without a  Manager     Update  Summary of answers  Here s a little summary of what I learned from this question in the meantime    Try not to create new metaphors  Nanny  Have a look at what other frameworks do   Further articles books on this topic    What names do you find yourself prepending appending to classes regularly   What   s the best approach to naming classes  Book  Design Patterns  Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software  Hardcover  Book  Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture  Hardcover  Book  Implementation Patterns  Paperback    And a current list of name prefixes suffixes I collected  subjectively   from the answers    Coordinator Builder Writer Reader Handler Container Protocol Target Converter Controller View Factory Entity Bucket   And a good tip for the road      Don t get naming paralysis  Yes  names are very important but they re not important   enough to waste huge amounts of time on  If you can t think up a good name in 10 minutes  move on

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We could do without any xxxFactory  xxxManager or xxxRepository classes if we modeled the real world correctly   Universe Instance Galaxies  Milky Way   SolarSystems  Sol            Planets  Earth   Inhabitants OfType lt Human gt    WorkingFor  Initech  USA            OfType lt User gt    CreateNew  John Doe       -

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Being au fait with patterns as defined by  say  the GOF book  and naming objects after these gets me a long way in naming classes  organising them and communicating intent  Most people will understand this nomenclature  or at least a major part of it

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You can take a look at source-code-wordle de  I have analyzed there the most frequently used suffixes of class names of the  NET framework and some other libraries   The top 20 are    attribute type helper collection converter handler info provider exception service element manager node option factory context item designer base editor

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It sounds like a slippery slope to something that d be posted on thedailywtf com   ManagerOfPeopleWhoHaveMortgages   etc   I suppose it s right that one monolithic Manager class is not good design  but using  Manager  is not bad  Instead of UserManager we might break it down to UserAccountManager  UserProfileManager  UserSecurityManager  etc     Manager  is a good word because it clearly shows a class is not representing a real-world  thing    AccountsClerk  - how am I supposed to tell if that s a class which manages user data  or represents someone who is an Accounts Clerk for their job

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I think the most important thing to keep in mind is  is the name descriptive enough  Can you tell by looking at the name what the Class is supposed to do  Using words like  Manager    Service  or  Handler  in your class names can be considered too generic  but since a lot of programmers use them it also helps understanding what the class is for   I myself have been using the facade-pattern a lot  at least  I think that s what it is called   I could have a User class that describes just one user  and a Users class that keeps track of my  collection of users   I don t call the class a UserManager because I don t like managers in real-life and I don t want to be reminded of them    Simply using the plural form helps me understand what the class does

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Specific to C   I found  Framework Design Guidelines  Conventions  Idioms  and Patterns for Reusable  NET Libraries  to have lots of good information on the logic of naming   As far as finding those more specific words though  I often use a thesaurus and jump through related words to try and find a good one   I try not to spend to much time with it though  as I progress through development I come up with better names  or sometimes realize that SuchAndSuchManager should really be broken up into multiple classes  and then the name of that deprecated class becomes a non-issue

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When I find myself thinking about using Manager or Helper in a class name  I consider it a code smell that means I haven t found the right abstraction yet and or I m violating the single responsibility principle  so refactoring and putting more effort into design often makes naming much easier   But even well-designed classes don t  always  name themselves  and your choices partly depend on whether you re creating business model classes or technical infrastructure classes   Business model classes can be hard  because they re different for every domain  There are some terms I use a lot  like Policy for strategy classes within a domain  e g   LateRentalPolicy   but these usually flow from trying to create a  ubiquitous language  that you can share with business users  designing and naming classes so they model real-world ideas  objects  actions  and events   Technical infrastructure classes are a bit easier  because they describe domains we know really well  I prefer to incorporate design pattern names into the class names  like InsertUserCommand  CustomerRepository  or SapAdapter  I understand the concern about communicating implementation instead of intent  but design patterns marry these two aspects of class design - at least when you re dealing with infrastructure  where you want the implementation design to be transparent even while you re hiding the details

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If I cannot come up with a more concrete name for my class than XyzManager this would be a point for me to reconsider whether this is really functionality that belongs together in a class  i e  an architectural  code smell

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I m all for good names  and I often write about the importance of taking great care when choosing names for things  For this very same reason  I am wary of metaphors when naming things  In the original question   factory  and  synchronizer  look like good names for what they seem to mean  However   shepherd  and  nanny  are not  because they are based on metaphors  A class in your code can t be literally a nanny  you call it a nanny because it looks after some other things very much like a real-life nanny looks after babies or kids  That s OK in informal speech  but not OK  in my opinion  for naming classes in code that will have to be maintained by who knows whom who knows when   Why  Because metaphors are culture dependent and often individual dependent as well  To you  naming a class  nanny  can be very clear  but maybe it s not that clear to somebody else  We shouldn t rely on that  unless you re writing code that is only for personal use   In any case  convention can make or break a metaphor  The use of  factory  itself is based on a metaphor  but one that has been around for quite a while and is currently fairly well known in the programming world  so I would say it s safe to use  However   nanny  and  shepherd  are unacceptable

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I d consider the patterns you are using for your system  the naming conventions   cataloguing   grouping of classes of  tends to be defined by the pattern used   Personally  I stick to these naming conventions as they are the most likely way for another person to be able to pick up my code and run with it   For example UserRecordsClerk might be better explained as extending a generic RecordsClerk interface that both UserRecordsClerk and CompanyRecordsClerk implement and then specialise on  meaning one can look at the methods in the interface to see what the its subclasses do   are generally for   See a book such as Design Patterns for info  it s an excellent book and might help you clear up where you re aiming to be with your code - if you aren t already using it   o    I reckon so long as your pattern is well chosen and used as far as is appropriate  then pretty uninventive straightforward class names should suffice

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I asked a similar question  but where possible I try to copy the names already in the  NET framework  and I look for ideas in the Java and Android frameworks   It seems Helper  Manager  and Util are the unavoidable nouns you attach for coordinating classes that contain no state and are generally procedural and static  An alternative is Coordinator   You could get particularly purple prosey with the names and go for things like Minder  Overseer  Supervisor  Administrator  and Master  but as I said I prefer keeping it like the framework names you re used to     Some other common suffixes  if that is the correct term  you also find in the  NET framework are    Builder Writer Reader Handler Container

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I believe the critical thing here is to be consistent within the sphere of your code s visibility  i e  as long as everyone who needs to look at work on your code understands your naming convention then that should be fine  even if you decide to call them  CompanyThingamabob  and  UserDoohickey   The first stop  if you work for a company  is to see if there is a company convention for naming  If there isn t or you don t work for a company then create your own using terms that make sense to you  pass it around a few trusted colleagues friends who at least code casually  and incorporate any feedback that makes sense   Applying someone else s convention  even when it s widely accepted  if it doesn t leap off the page at you is a bit of a mistake in my book  First and foremost I need to understand my code without reference to other documentation but at the same time it needs to be generic enough that it s no incomprehensible to someone else in the same field in the same industry

[design-patterns] Naming Classes - How to avoid calling everything a "<WhatEver>Manager"?

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