[javascript] Convert long/lat to pixel x/y on a given picture

I have a city map of Moscow. We modified a Google Maps image with some artistic elements, but the relation between GPS coordinates and pixels remains the same.

Problem: How do I convert GPS coordinates from various data points we have into pixel coordinates in the image?

Ideally I can do this in Javascript, but PHP would be OK.

I know that on small scales (for example on city scales) it to make simply enough (it is necessary to learn what geographic coordinates has one of picture corners, then to learn "price" of one pixel in geographic coordinates on a picture on axes OX and OY separately).

But on the big scales (country scale) "price" of one pixel will be not a constant, and will vary strongly enough and the method described above cannot be applied.

How to solve a problem on country scales?

Update:

I do not use API Google Maps, I have only: geographic coordinates of the object (they are from google maps), I still have at my site a simple picture *. gif, in which I must draw a point corresponding geographic coordinates.

my approach works without a library and with cropped maps. Means it works with just parts from a Mercator image. Maybe it helps somebody: https://stackoverflow.com/a/10401734/730823

The translation you are addressing has to do with Map Projection, which is how the spherical surface of our world is translated into a 2 dimensional rendering. There are multiple ways (projections) to render the world on a 2-D surface.

If your maps are using just a specific projection (Mercator being popular), you should be able to find the equations, some sample code, and/or some library (e.g. one Mercator solution - Convert Lat/Longs to X/Y Co-ordinates. If that doesn't do it, I'm sure you can find other samples - https://stackoverflow.com/search?q=mercator. If your images aren't map(s) using a Mercator projection, you'll need to determine what projection it does use to find the right translation equations.

If you are trying to support multiple map projections (you want to support many different maps that use different projections), then you definitely want to use a library like PROJ.4, but again I'm not sure what you'll find for Javascript or PHP.

So you want to take latitude/longitude coordinates and find out the pixel coordinates on your image of that location?

The main GMap2 class provides transformation to/from a pixel on the displayed map and a lat/long coordinate:

Gmap2.fromLatLngToContainerPixel(latlng)

For example:

var gmap2 = new GMap2(document.getElementById("map_canvas"));
var geocoder = new GClientGeocoder();

geocoder.getLatLng( "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, D.C. 20500",
    function( latlng ) {
        var pixel_coords = gmap2.fromLatLngToContainerPixel(latlng);

        window.alert( "The White House is at pixel coordinates (" + 
            pixel_coodrs.x + ", " + pixel_coords.y + ") on the " +
            "map image shown on this page." );
    }
);

So assuming that your map image is a screen grab of the Google Map display, then this will give you the correct pixel coordinate on that image of a lat/long coordinate.

Things are trickier if you're grabbing tile images and stitching them together yourself since the area of the complete tile set will lie outside the area of the displayed map.

In this case, you'll need to use the left and top values of the top-left image tile as an offset from the coordinates that fromLatLngToContainerPixel(latlng:GLatLng) gives you, subtracting the left coordinate from the x coordinate and top from the y coordinate. So if the top-left image is positioned at (-50, -122) (left, top), and fromLatLngToContainerPixel() tells you a lat/long is at pixel coordinate (150, 320), then on the image stitched together from tiles, the true position of the coordinate is at (150 - (-50), 320 - (-122)) which is (200, 442).

It's also possible that a similar GMap2 coordinate translation function:

GMap2.fromLatLngToDivPixel(latlng:GLatLng)

will give you the correct lat/long to pixel translation for the stitched-tiles case - I've not tested this, nor is it 100% clear from the API docs.

See here for more: http://code.google.com/apis/maps/documentation/reference.html#GMap2.Methods.Coordinate-Transformations

One of the important things to take into account is the "zoom" level of your projection (for Google Maps in particular).

As Google explains it:

At zoom level 1, the map consists of 4 256x256 pixels tiles, resulting in a pixel space from 512x512. At zoom level 19, each x and y pixel on the map can be referenced using a value between 0 and 256 * 2^19

( See https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/maptypes?hl=en#MapCoordinates)

To factor in the "zoom" value, I recommend the simple and effective deltaLonPerDeltaX and deltaLatPerDeltaY functions below. While x-pixels and longitudes are strictly proportional, this is not the case for y-pixels and latitudes, for which the formula requires the initial latitude.

// Adapted from : http://blog.cppse.nl/x-y-to-lat-lon-for-google-maps


window.geo = {

    glOffset: Math.pow(2,28), //268435456,
    glRadius:  Math.pow(2,28) / Math.PI,
    a: Math.pow(2,28),
    b: 85445659.4471,
    c: 0.017453292519943,
    d: 0.0000006705522537,
    e: Math.E, //2.7182818284590452353602875,
    p: Math.PI / 180,

    lonToX: function(lon) {
        return Math.round(this.glOffset + this.glRadius * lon * this.p);
    },

    XtoLon: function(x) {
        return -180 + this.d * x;
    },

    latToY: function(lat) {
        return Math.round(this.glOffset - this.glRadius *
                          Math.log((1 + Math.sin(lat * this.p)) /
                          (1 - Math.sin(lat * this.p))) / 2);
    },

    YtoLat: function(y) {
        return Math.asin(Math.pow(this.e,(2*this.a/this.b - 2*y/this.b)) /
                                 (Math.pow(this.e, (2*this.a/this.b - 2*y/this.b))+1) -
                                 1/(Math.pow(this.e, (2*this.a/this.b - 2*y/this.b))+1)
                        ) / this.c;
    },

    deltaLonPerDeltaX: function(deltaX, zoom) {
        // 2^(7+zoom) pixels <---> 180 degrees
        return deltaX * 180 / Math.pow(2, 7+zoom);
    },

    deltaLatPerDeltaY: function(deltaY, zoom, startLat) {
        // more complex because of the curvature, we calculte it by difference
        var startY = this.latToY(startLat),
            endY = startY + deltaY * Math.pow(2, 28-7-zoom),
            endLat = this.YtoLat(endY);

        return ( endLat - startLat ); // = deltaLat
    }
}

You may have a look at code that used on gheat, it's ported from js to python.

You will have to implement the Google Maps API projection in your language. I have the C# source code for this:

public class GoogleMapsAPIProjection
{
    private readonly double PixelTileSize = 256d;
    private readonly double DegreesToRadiansRatio = 180d / Math.PI;
    private readonly double RadiansToDegreesRatio = Math.PI / 180d;
    private readonly PointF PixelGlobeCenter;
    private readonly double XPixelsToDegreesRatio;
    private readonly double YPixelsToRadiansRatio;

    public GoogleMapsAPIProjection(double zoomLevel)
    {
        var pixelGlobeSize = this.PixelTileSize * Math.Pow(2d, zoomLevel);
        this.XPixelsToDegreesRatio = pixelGlobeSize / 360d;
        this.YPixelsToRadiansRatio = pixelGlobeSize / (2d * Math.PI);
        var halfPixelGlobeSize = Convert.ToSingle(pixelGlobeSize / 2d);
        this.PixelGlobeCenter = new PointF(
            halfPixelGlobeSize, halfPixelGlobeSize);
    }

    public PointF FromCoordinatesToPixel(PointF coordinates)
    {
        var x = Math.Round(this.PixelGlobeCenter.X
            + (coordinates.X * this.XPixelsToDegreesRatio));
        var f = Math.Min(
            Math.Max(
                 Math.Sin(coordinates.Y * RadiansToDegreesRatio),
                -0.9999d),
            0.9999d);
        var y = Math.Round(this.PixelGlobeCenter.Y + .5d * 
            Math.Log((1d + f) / (1d - f)) * -this.YPixelsToRadiansRatio);
        return new PointF(Convert.ToSingle(x), Convert.ToSingle(y));
    }

    public PointF FromPixelToCoordinates(PointF pixel)
    {
        var longitude = (pixel.X - this.PixelGlobeCenter.X) /
            this.XPixelsToDegreesRatio;
        var latitude = (2 * Math.Atan(Math.Exp(
            (pixel.Y - this.PixelGlobeCenter.Y) / -this.YPixelsToRadiansRatio))
            - Math.PI / 2) * DegreesToRadiansRatio;
        return new PointF(
            Convert.ToSingle(latitude),
            Convert.ToSingle(longitude));
    }
}

Source:

http://code.google.com/p/geographical-dot-net/source/browse/trunk/GeographicalDotNet/GeographicalDotNet/Projection/GoogleMapsAPIProjection.cs

If each pixel is assumed to be of the same area then the following article about converting distances to longitude/latitude co-ordinates may be of some help to you:

http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/04/27/converting-miles-to-degrees-longitude-or-latitude/

You need formulas to convert latitude and longitude to rectangular coordinates. There are a great number to choose from and each will distort the map in a different way. Wolfram MathWorld has a good collection:

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MapProjection.html

Follow the "See Also" links.

Struggled with this - Have both openstreet map and google street map and wanted to project an external graphic image

var map = new OpenLayers.Map({
            div:"map-id",
            allOverlays: true
    });
    var osm = new OpenLayers.Layer.OSM("OpenStreeMao");
    var gmap = new OpenLayers.Layer.Google("Google Streets", {visibility: false});

    map.addLayers([osm,gmap]);

    var vectorLayer = new OpenLayers.Layer.Vector("IconLayer");


    var lonlatObject = new OpenLayers.LonLat(24.938622,60.170421).transform(
            new OpenLayers.Projection("EPSG:4326"), map.getProjectionObject()
    );
    console.log(lonlatObject);

    var point = new OpenLayers.Geometry.Point(lonlatObject.lon, lonlatObject.lat);
    console.log(point);

    var point2 = new OpenLayers.Geometry.Point(lonlatObject.x, lonlatObject.y);
    console.log(point2);

    var feature = new OpenLayers.Feature.Vector(point, null, {
        externalGraphic:  "http://cdn1.iconfinder.com/data/icons/SUPERVISTA/networking/png/72/antenna.png",
        graphicWidth: 72,
        graphicHeight: 72,
        fillOpacity: 1
    });


    vectorLayer.addFeatures(feature);

    map.addLayer(vectorLayer);


    map.setCenter(
            new OpenLayers.LonLat(24.938622,60.170421).transform(
            new OpenLayers.Projection("EPSG:4326"), map.getProjectionObject()
            ),
            12);

     map.addControl(new OpenLayers.Control.LayerSwitcher());

http://jsfiddle.net/alexcpn/N9dLN/8/