[python] Why use def main()?

I've seen some code samples and tutorials that use

def main():
    # my code here

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

But why? Is there any reason not do define your functions at the top of the file, then just write code under it? ie

def my_function()
    # my code here

def my_function_two()
    # my code here

# some code
# call function
# print(something)

I just wonder if there is any rhyme to the main?

"What does if __name__==“__main__”: do?" has already been answered.

Having a main() function allows you to call its functionality if you import the module. The main (no pun intended) benefit of this (IMHO) is that you can unit test it.

Consider the second script. If you import it in another one, the instructions, as at "global level", will be executed.

Everyone else has already answered it, but I think I still have something else to add.

Reasons to have that if statement calling main() (in no particular order):

• Other languages (like C and Java) have a main() function that is called when the program is executed. Using this if, we can make Python behave like them, which feels more familiar for many people.

• Code will be cleaner, easier to read, and better organized. (yeah, I know this is subjective)

• It will be possible to import that python code as a module without nasty side-effects.

• This means it will be possible to run tests against that code.

• This means we can import that code into an interactive python shell and test/debug/run it.

• Variables inside def main are local, while those outside it are global. This may introduce a few bugs and unexpected behaviors.

But, you are not required to write a main() function and call it inside an if statement.

I myself usually start writing small throwaway scripts without any kind of function. If the script grows big enough, or if I feel putting all that code inside a function will benefit me, then I refactor the code and do it. This also happens when I write bash scripts.

Even if you put code inside the main function, you are not required to write it exactly like that. A neat variation could be:

import sys

def main(argv):
    # My code here
    pass

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main(sys.argv)

This means you can call main() from other scripts (or interactive shell) passing custom parameters. This might be useful in unit tests, or when batch-processing. But remember that the code above will require parsing of argv, thus maybe it would be better to use a different call that pass parameters already parsed.

In an object-oriented application I've written, the code looked like this:

class MyApplication(something):
    # My code here

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = MyApplication()
    app.run()

So, feel free to write the code that better suits you. :)

if the content of foo.py

print __name__
if __name__ == '__main__':
    print 'XXXX'

A file foo.py can be used in two ways.

• imported in another file : import foo

In this case __name__ is foo, the code section does not get executed and does not print XXXX.

• executed directly : python foo.py

When it is executed directly, __name__ is same as __main__ and the code in that section is executed and prints XXXX

One of the use of this functionality to write various kind of unit tests within the same module.