GCC -fPIC option

Question

I have read about GCC s Options for Code Generation Conventions  but could not understand what  Generate position-independent code  PIC   does  Please give an example to explain me what does it mean

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I ll try to explain what has already been said in a simpler way   Whenever a shared lib is loaded  the loader  the code on the OS which load any program you run  changes some addresses in the code depending on where the object was loaded to   In the above example  the  111  in the non-PIC code is written by the loader the first time it was loaded   For not shared objects  you may want it to be like that because the compiler can make some optimizations on that code   For shared object  if another process will want to  link  to that code he must read it to the same virtual addresses or the  111  will make no sense  but that virtual-space may already be in use in the second process

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A minor addition to the answers already posted  object files not compiled to be position independent are relocatable  they contain relocation table entries   These entries allow the loader  that bit of code that loads a program into memory  to rewrite the absolute addresses to adjust for the actual load address in the virtual address space   An operating system will try to share a single copy of a  shared object library  loaded into memory with all the programs that are linked to that same shared object library   Since the code address space  unlike sections of the data space  need not be contiguous  and because most programs that link to a specific library have a fairly fixed library dependency tree  this succeeds most of the time   In those rare cases where there is a discrepancy  yes  it may be necessary to have two or more copies of a shared object library in memory   Obviously  any attempt to randomize the load address of a library between programs and or program instances  so as to reduce the possibility of creating an exploitable pattern  will make such cases common  not rare  so where a system has enabled this capability  one should make every attempt to compile all shared object libraries to be position independent   Since calls into these libraries from the body of the main program will also be made relocatable  this makes it much less likely that a shared library will have to be copied

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Position Independent Code means that the generated machine code is not dependent on being located at a specific address in order to work   E g  jumps would be generated as relative rather than absolute   Pseudo-assembly   PIC  This would work whether the code was at address 100 or 1000  100  COMPARE REG1  REG2 101  JUMP IF EQUAL CURRENT 10     111  NOP   Non-PIC  This will only work if the code is at address 100  100  COMPARE REG1  REG2 101  JUMP IF EQUAL 111     111  NOP   EDIT  In response to comment   If your code is compiled with -fPIC  it s suitable for inclusion in a library - the library must be able to be relocated from its preferred location in memory to another address  there could be another already loaded library at the address your library prefers

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Adding further     Every process has same virtual address space  If randomization of virtual address is stopped by using a flag in linux OS   For more details Disable and re-enable address space layout randomization only for myself   So if its one exe with no shared linking  Hypothetical scenario   then we can always give same virtual address to same asm instruction without any harm   But when we want to link shared object to the exe  then we are not sure of the start address assigned to  shared object as it will depend upon the order the shared objects were linked That being said  asm instruction inside  so will always have different virtual address depending upon the process its linking to    So one process can give start address to  so as 0x45678910 in its own virtual space and other process at the same time can give start address of 0x12131415 and if they do not use relative addressing   so will not work at all   So they always have to use the relative addressing mode and hence fpic option

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Code that is built into shared libraries should normally be position-independent code  so that the shared library can readily be loaded at  more or less  any address in memory   The -fPIC option ensures that GCC produces such code

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The link to a function in a dynamic library is resolved when the library is loaded or at run time  Therefore  both the executable file and dynamic library are loaded into memory when the program is run  The memory address at which a dynamic library is loaded cannot be determined in advance  because a fixed address might clash with another dynamic library requiring the same address      There are two commonly used methods for dealing with this problem   1 Relocation  All pointers and addresses in the code are modified  if necessary  to fit the actual load address  Relocation is done by the linker and the loader   2 Position-independent code  All addresses in the code are relative to the current position  Shared objects in Unix-like systems use position-independent code by default  This is less efficient than relocation if program run for a long time  especially in 32-bit mode     The name  position-independent code  actually implies following    The code section contains no absolute addresses that need relocation  but only self relative addresses  Therefore  the code section can be loaded at an arbitrary memory address and shared between multiple processes  The data section is not shared between multiple processes because it often contains writeable data  Therefore  the data section may contain pointers or addresses that need relocation  All public functions and public data can be overridden in Linux  If a function in the main executable has the same name as a function in a shared object  then the version in main will take precedence  not only when called from main  but also when called from the shared object  Likewise  when a global variable in main has the same name as a global variable in the shared object  then the instance in main will be used  even when accessed from the shared object       This so-called symbol interposition is intended to mimic the behavior of static libraries    A shared object has a table of pointers to its functions  called procedure linkage table  PLT  and a table of pointers to its variables called global offset table  GOT  in order to implement this  override  feature   All accesses to functions and public variables go through this tables   p s  Where dynamic linking cannot be avoided  there are various ways to avoid the timeconsuming features of the position-independent code   You can read more from this article  http   www agner org optimize optimizing cpp pdf

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