Difference between multitasking multithreading and multiprocessing

Question

Whats the difference between multitasking  multiprogramming  amp  multiprocessing  This comes regularly for my university OS exams and I can t find a good answer  I know quite a bit about multitasking and multiprogramming  but need to confirm it

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Multi-programming  -  More than one task job  process can reside into main memory at a time  It is basically design to reduce CPU wastage during I O operation   example   if a job is executing currently and need I O operation   I O operation is done using DMA and processor assign to some Other job from the job queue till I O operation of job1 completed   then job1 continue again   In this way it reduce CPU wastage

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In a multiprogramming system  there are more than one programs loaded in main memory which are ready to execute  Only one program at a time is able to get the CPU for executing its instructions while all others are waiting their turn  The main idea of multiprogramming is to maximize the use of CPU time  Suppose currently running process is performing an I O task  then OS may interrupt that process and give the control to one of the other in - main memory programs that are ready to execute  i e  process context switching   In this way  no CPU time is wasted by system waiting for the I O task to be completed   MultiProcessing - Multiprocessing is the ability of an operating system to execute more than one process simultaneously on a multi processor machine  In multiprocessing system  a computer uses more than one CPU at a tme   Multitasking - Multitasking is the ability of an operating system to execute more than one task simultaneously on single processor machine  these multiple tasks share common resources such as CPU and memory  In multitasking system  CPU switches from one task to next task so quickly that appears as all tasks are executing at the same time   There are differences between multitasking and multi programming  A task in a multitasking system is not whole application program but it can refers to a  thread of execution  when one process is divided into sub-tasks  Each smaller task does not hijack the CPU until it finishes  they share a small amount of the CPU time called Quantum  Multi programming and multitasking operating systems are time sharing systems   Multi threading - Multi threading is the extension of multitasking  Multi threading is the ability of an operating system to subdivide the specific operation within a single application into individual threads  Each of these threads can run in parallel  The OS divides processing time not only among different applications but also among each thread within an application

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Multitasking - This is basically multiprogramming in the context of a single-user interactive environment  in which the OS switches between several programs in main memory so as to give the illusion that several are running at once  Common scheduling algorithms used for multitasking are  Round-Robin  Priority Scheduling  multiple queues   Shortest-Process-Next   MULTIPROCESSING is like the OS handling the different jobs in main memory in such a way that it gives its time to each and every job when other is busy for some task such as I O operation  So as long as at least one job needs to execute  the cpu never sit idle  and here it is automatically handled by the OS

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Multithreading Multithreading extends the idea of multitasking into applications  so you can subdivide specific operations within a single application into individual threads

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Paraphrasing wikipedia   Multiprogramming - A computer running more than one program at a time  like running Excel and Firefox simultaneously  http   en wikipedia org wiki Multiprogramming  Multiprocessing - A computer using more than one CPU at a time http   en wikipedia org wiki Multiprocessing  Multitasking - Tasks sharing a common resource  like 1 CPU  http   en wikipedia org wiki Computer multitasking Multithreading   Thus  something like multithreading is an extension of multitasking

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Multiprogramming  More than one task program job process can reside into the main memory at one point of time  This ability of the OS is called multiprogramming   Multitasking  More than one task program job process can reside into the same CPU at one point of time  This ability of the OS is called multitasking

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Both multiprogramming and multitasking solve different problems  though they use similar method of switching between the processes  Multiprogramming   In the early days  it was seen that at times certain processes where using peripherals  e g   I O   In such cases  the CPU remained idle  To use the CPU more efficiently  it was prudent to load multiple processes in the memory  This way  if a certain process were to use the peripheral  certain other process would use the CPU  This was multiprogramming in action  Multitasking   To the end user  multiple processes had to appear running at the same time  This was mocked by switching between different processes and by making them run on the CPU simultaneously  This was the idea behind multitasking

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Multitasking  Time sharing   Time shared systems allows many users to share the computer simultaneously

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Basically Multi-programming is a concept where you run more than one program simultaneously  suppose you run two programs like chrome browser  and calculator system application    Multi processing is where a user uses more than one processor to accomplish a task   To know Multi threading we need to know what is a thread  A thread is basically a part of a program running within the program  Best example of thread is the tabs of a browser  If you have 5 tabs which are being opened and used then the program actually creates 5 threads of the program  this concept is called multi-threading

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Multitasking -               It handling a number of tasks or jobs simultaneously  In that case user can interact with the system   Multiprogramming -               It handling a several programs at the same time  amp  it cannot interact with the system  every thing is decided by the OS Operating System

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Multiprogramming   It means running several programs on computer Here user cannot interact with the system everything is decided by the OS   Multitasking   It is a logical extension of multiprogramming It means running several tasks on computer Switching between the jobs is so fast that the user can interact with the system   Multithreading   Basically seen when more number of clients access the server

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Multiprogramming - A computer running more than one program at a time  like running Excel and Firefox simultaneously   Multiprocessing - A computer using more than one CPU at a time  Multiprogramming - More than one task program job process can reside into the main memory at one point of time  This ability of the OS is called multiprogramming   Multitasking  More than one task program job process can reside into the same CPU at one point of time  This ability of the OS is called multitasking   Multiusers System - a computer system in which multiple terminals connect to a host computer that handles processing tasks

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None of the above answers except Mr Vaibhav Kumar s are clear or not ambiguous   sorry  no offense   Both multi programming and tasking are same concept of switching task in processor  difference is in the concept and reason of the switching   MProgramming  to not keep processor idle when active task needs longer IO or other non CPU response then  processor loads and works on another task that is not waiting for IO and ready for process   MTasking  even after MPrograming  to user it may feel like only one task is executing and another is simply waiting to come to cpu  So the active task is also swapped from active CPU and kept aside and another task is brought in CPU for a very small fraction of human time second   and swapped back to the earlier task again  In this way user will feel both task are alive in CPU at same time  But actually each task is active only once at a given CPU time in micro or nano second   And MProcessing is  like my computer have quad core  so I use 4 processor at a time  means 4 different multiprogramming instances happen in my machine  And these 4 processors does another numerous no of MTasking   So MProcessing MProgramming Mtasking  And MThreading n another breakup of each task  that also to give user a happy life  Here multiple tasks like word doc and media player  are not coming in picture  rather small subtasks like coloring of text on word and automatic spell check in word are part of same word executable    not sure if I was able to make clear all confusions

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Multiprogramming - This term is used in the context of batch systems  You ve got several programs in main memory concurrently  The CPU schedules a time for each one   I e  submitting multiple jobs and all of them are loaded into memory and executed according to a scheduling algorithm  Common batch system scheduling algorithms include  First-Come-First-Served  Shortest-Job-First  Shortest-Remaining-Time-Next   Multitasking - This is basically multiprogramming in the context of a single-user interactive environment  in which the OS switches between several programs in main memory so as to give the illusion that several are running at once  Common scheduling algorithms used for multitasking are  Round-Robin  Priority Scheduling  multiple queues   Shortest-Process-Next

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Multiprogramming- Jobs to be executed are loaded into a pool  Some number of those jobs are loaded into main memory  and one is selected from the pool for execution by the CPU  If at some point the program in progress terminates or requires the services of a peripheral device  the control of the CPU is given to the next job in the pool  As programs terminate  more jobs are loaded into memory for execution  and CPU control is switched to another job in memory  In this way the CPU is always executing some program or some portion thereof  instead of waiting for a printer  tape drive  or console input   Multiprocessing - the simultaneous execution of two or more programs or instruction sequences by separate CPUs under integrated control  multitasking System - the concurrent or interleaved execution of two or more jobs by a single CPU    Multiusers System - a computer system in which multiple terminals connect to a host computer that handles processing tasks

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MultiProgramming - In a multiprogramming system  there are more than one programs loaded in main memory which are ready to execute  Only one program at a time is able to get the CPU for executing its instructions while all others are waiting their turn  The main idea of multiprogramming is to maximize the use of CPU time  Suppose currently running process is performing an I O task  then OS may interrupt that process and give the control to one of the other in - main memory programs that are ready to execute  i e  process context switching   In this way  no CPU time is wasted by system waiting for the I O task to be completed   MultiProcessing - Multiprocessing is the ability of an operating system to execute more than one process simultaneously on a multi processor machine  In multiprocessing system  a computer uses more than one CPU at a tme   Multitasking - Multitasking is the ability of an operating system to execute more than one task simultaneously on single processor machine  these multiple tasks share common resources such as CPU and memory  In multitasking system  CPU switches from one task to next task so quickly that appears as all tasks are executing at the same time   There are differences between multitasking and multiprogramming  A task in a multitasking system is not whole application program but it can refres to a  thread of execution  when one process is divided into sub-tasks  Each smaller task does not hijack the CPU until it finishes  they share a small amount of the CPU time called Quantum  Multiprogramming and multitasking operating systems are time sharing systems   Multithreading - Multithreading is the extension of multitasking  Multithreading is the ability of an operating system to subdivide the specific operation within a single application into individual threads  Each of these threads can run in parallel  The OS divides processing time not only among different applications but also among each thread within an application

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Multiprogramming-More than on job in main memory   Muntitasking - More than one program run simultaneously  that is more than one program in CPU

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Multiprogramming - in which execution of multiple jobs by the same computer not at the same time  Multitasking  - o s in which more than one task are executed at the same time

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MULTIPROCESSING is like the OS handling the different jobs in main memory in such a way that it gives its time to each and every job when other is busy for some task such as I O operation  So as long as at least one job needs to execute  the cpu never sit idle   and here it is automatically handled by the OS  without user interaction with computer     But when we say about MULTITASKING  the user is actually involved with different jobs as at one time - minesweeper or checking mail or anything   The cpu executes multiple jobs by switching among them  but the switching is so fast that user has the illusion that both the applications are running simultaneously    So the main difference between mp and mt is that in mp the OS is handling different jobs in main memory in such a way that if some job is waiting for something then it will jump for the next job to execute  And in mt the user is in interaction with the system and getting the illusion as both or any of the applications are running simultaneously

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Multi-programming  -  More than one task job  process can reside into main memory at a time  It is  basically design to reduce CPU wastage during I O operation   example   if a job is executing currently and need I O operation   I O operation is done using DMA and processor assign to some Other job from the job queue till I O operation of job1 completed   then job1 continue again   In this way it reduce CPU wastage      Multi -Tasking  -  In this type of OS multiple task process  are performed concurrently  Concurrently does t mean that task executing exactly at same time instant   as multitasking does t imply parallelism     In this system a new task start before other task ended depend on CPU scheduling technique it uses  amp  amp  all processes share common resources      Multi -Processing  -   Use 2 or more processor within single CPU   So task can execute in parallel  But some synchronization b w them is needed

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Multiprograming  Running more then one program with in an application to  perform a certain task   Example   In MS WORD  Writing in document and sending Email  Multitasking  Running more then one application to perform a certain task   Example  listening Song  playing game  work in ms word  excel and other applications simultaneously  Multiprocessing   Running more then one instruction through a processor   Example When create a file then computer takes Time and date default

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Multitasking - It is also called time sharing because multiple tasks or processes  can be switched regularly  in a particular time  so that the user can get a view that they are operating concurrently   Multi-threading - To make the user experience richer  the tasks in a single process  are further divided into sub-tasks  These sub-tasks then can operate in a multi-tasking environment   Multiprocessing - It is the process of having multiple processors to run a process or program   in a given time  It decreases the computation time   Multi programming - It is used in batch operating systems  generally  Here  the job or process  gets the full CPU and memory while execution  Multi programming is the system in which many different programs are loaded in computer s main memory  and the first one begins to run  When it finishes its execution i e   in running state  and waits for peripheral i e   waiting state   the next process begins to run  This is in contrast to multi-tasking  in which case each task is allotted a time slot also called quantum  for its execution

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A  multiprogramming is the process when a computer system is performing different tasks all at once in a  single  computer system

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Multiple threads can exist in a single process  The threads that belong to the same process share the same memory area  can read from and write to the very same variables  and can interfere with one another   On the contrary  different processes live in different memory areas  and each of them has its own variables  In order to communicate  processes have to use other channels  files  pipes or sockets    If you want to parallelize a computation  you re probably going to need multithreading  because you probably want the threads to cooperate on the same memory   Speaking about performance  threads are faster to create and manage than processes  because the OS doesn t need to allocate a whole new virtual memory area   and inter-thread communication is usually faster than inter-process communication  But threads are harder to program  Threads can interfere with one another  and can write to each other s memory  but the way this happens is not always obvious  due to several factors  mainly instruction reordering and memory caching   and so you are going to need synchronization primitives to control access to your variables   Source

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