Herman's solution works, but it can be simplified because Sqlite allows to store any value type on any field.
Here is a simpler version that uses one Value field declared as TEXT to store any value:
CREATE TEMP TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Variables (Name TEXT PRIMARY KEY, Value TEXT);
INSERT OR REPLACE INTO Variables VALUES ('VarStr', 'Val1');
INSERT OR REPLACE INTO Variables VALUES ('VarInt', 123);
INSERT OR REPLACE INTO Variables VALUES ('VarBlob', x'12345678');
SELECT Value
FROM Variables
WHERE Name = 'VarStr'
UNION ALL
SELECT Value
FROM Variables
WHERE Name = 'VarInt'
UNION ALL
SELECT Value
FROM Variables
WHERE Name = 'VarBlob';