I recommend to use SMO (Enable TCP/IP Network Protocol for SQL Server). However, it was not available in my case.
I rewrote the WMI commands from Krzysztof Kozielczyk to PowerShell.
# Enable TCP/IP
Get-CimInstance -Namespace root/Microsoft/SqlServer/ComputerManagement10 -ClassName ServerNetworkProtocol -Filter "InstanceName = 'SQLEXPRESS' and ProtocolName = 'Tcp'" |
Invoke-CimMethod -Name SetEnable
# Open the right ports in the firewall
New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName 'MSSQL$SQLEXPRESS' -Direction Inbound -Action Allow -Protocol TCP -LocalPort 1433
# Modify TCP/IP properties to enable an IP address
$properties = Get-CimInstance -Namespace root/Microsoft/SqlServer/ComputerManagement10 -ClassName ServerNetworkProtocolProperty -Filter "InstanceName='SQLEXPRESS' and ProtocolName = 'Tcp' and IPAddressName='IPAll'"
$properties | ? { $_.PropertyName -eq 'TcpPort' } | Invoke-CimMethod -Name SetStringValue -Arguments @{ StrValue = '1433' }
$properties | ? { $_.PropertyName -eq 'TcpPortDynamic' } | Invoke-CimMethod -Name SetStringValue -Arguments @{ StrValue = '' }
# Restart SQL Server
Restart-Service 'MSSQL$SQLEXPRESS'