Simple way to understand Encapsulation and Abstraction

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Learning OOP concepts especially interested to understand Abstraction and Encapsulation in depth   Checked out the below already  Abstraction VS Information Hiding VS Encapsulation  difference between abstraction and encapsulation   I found very hard to understand those concepts with out a real and simple example class code snippet      One of my colleagues said abstraction is nothing but creating abstract   class and normal class that protects its member variable with scope is   called Encapsulation    Is there a simple way I can understand and help others to understand what exactly they are  rather than repeating the below      Abstraction and encapsulation are complementary concepts  abstraction   focuses on the observable behavior of an object    encapsulation   focuses upon the implementation that gives rise to this behavior      encapsulation is most often achieved through information hiding  which   is the process of hiding all of the secrets of object that do not   contribute to its essential characteristics

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Encapsulation  I think this is much to do with how you can bind things into one entity rather than hiding  If you choose to hide something you can   Abstraction  Abstraction is much to do with the hiding things and there could be varied levels of abstraction   For example  in functional abstraction we might say that it is important to be able to add items to a list  but  the details of how that is accomplished are not of interest and should be hidden  Using data abstraction  we would say that a list is a place where we can store information  but how the list is actually implemented  e g   as an array or as a series of linked locations  is unimportant and should be hidden   Reference

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Encapsulation is what it sounds like  a way of putting a box around something to protect its contents  Abstraction is extracting the functional properties of something such that you can perform operations using only what you ve extracted without knowledge of the inner workings    When we say that two substances are liquids we are using  liquid  as an abstraction over the properties of those substances we re choosing to discuss  That abstraction tells us the things we can do with the substances given our previous experience with liquids    Abstraction also doesn t really have anything to do with heirarchies  You can have another abstraction like  metals  that extracts properties of substances in a different way    Abstractions forget details  so if you re using a particular abstraction you shouldn t ask about properties of the underlying substance that aren t granted by the abstraction  Like if you take milk and water and mix them together  you have a hard time then asking how much milk you have    A Functor is an abstraction over something that has some notion of map  that is  you can run a function on its inner contents that transforms the inner bit into anything else  The outer something stays the same kind of thing    Where this gets useful is that if you have a function that works on Lists and you realise you re only depending on the map interface  you can instead depend on Functor and then your function can work with streams  promises  maybes  tuples  and anything else that shares that abstraction   Functional languages like Haskell have some really great powers of abstraction that make extreme code reuse practical

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Data Abstraction   DA is simply filtering the concrete item  By the class we can achieve the pure abstraction  because before creating the class we can think only about concerned information about the class   Encapsulation  It is a mechanism  by which we protect our data from outside

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Abstraction- Abstraction in simple words can be said as a way out in which the user is kept away from the complex details or detailed working of some system  You can also assume it as a simple way to solve any problem at the design and interface level  You can say the only purpose of abstraction is to hide the details that can confuse a user  So for simplification purposes  we can use abstraction  Abstraction is also a concept of object-oriented programming  It hides the actual data and only shows the necessary information  For example  in an ATM machine  you are not aware that how it works internally  Only you are concerned to use the ATM interface  So that can be considered as a type of abstraction process  Encapsulation- Encapsulation is also part of object-oriented programming  In this  all you have to do is to wrap up the data and code together so that they can work as a single unit  it works at the implementation level  it also improves the application Maintainance  Encapsulation focuses on the process which will save information  Here you have to protect your data from external use

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Well I will explain abstraction with a real world example  Say in your house you do have an electric plug and many devices can connect to the same plug but plug will never have an idea which device it is connected to  in other words the details of the devices is abstracted  hidden  to the plug   Think what if we connect a device directly to electric wire without a plug  Say connect a bulb directly to a wire  then wire knows which device it is connected to and when ever we need to replace the bulb then we have to remove the wire connection from the bulb  which means bulb is tightly coupled with the wire  In other words bulb and wire knows the details where it is connected to  means not abstracted   In object oriented world abstraction works exactly same  The class which consume other classes function property doesn t need to know which classes function property it is consuming and everything should be abstracted with an interface   abstract class   Let me code the same example  Here I have a class  ElectricPlug   which is running a device  But the class  ElectricPlug  doesn t have any idea which device it is running  It can be any class implementing the interface  IDevice   which means the implementation of  RunDevice  is abstracted from  ElectricPlug   Here is the full sample code   class Program       static void Main string   args                ElectricPlug electricPlug   new ElectricPlug new Bulb              public class ElectricPlug       private readonly IDevice  device      public ElectricPlug IDevice device                 device   device             public void Run                  device Rundevice              public interface IDevice       void Rundevice        public class Bulb   IDevice       public void Rundevice                Console WriteLine  Switched on bulb

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Abstraction is a process where you show only    relevant    data and    hide    unnecessary details of an object from the user  Consider your mobile phone  you just need to know what buttons are to be pressed to send a message or make a call  What happens when you press a button  how your messages are sent  how your calls are connected is all abstracted away from the user   Encapsulation is the process of combining data and functions into a single unit called class  In Encapsulation  the data is not accessed directly  it is accessed through the functions present inside the class  In simpler words  attributes of the class are kept private and public getter and setter methods are provided to manipulate these attributes  Thus  encapsulation makes the concept of data hiding possible

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Abstraction is like using a computer    You have absolutely no idea what s going on with it beyond what you see with the GUI  graphical user interface  and external hardware  e g  screen   All those pretty colors and such  You re only presented the details relevant to you as a generic consumer   Encapsulation is the actual act of hiding the irrelevant details    You use your computer  but you don t see what its CPU  central processing unit  looks like  unless you try to break into it   It s hidden  or encapsulated  behind all that chrome and plastic   In the context of OOP  object-oriented programming  languages  you usually have this kind of setup   CLASS     METHOD         the actual code          An example of  encapsulation  would be having a METHOD that the regular user can t see  private    Abstraction  is the regular user using the METHOD that they can  public  in order to use the private one

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Encapsulation can be thought of as wrapping paper used to bind data and function together as a single unit which protects it from all kinds of external dirt  I mean external functions    Abstraction involves absence of details and the use of a simple interface to control a complex system   For example we can light a bulb by the pressing of a button without worrying about the underlying electrical engineering  Abstraction     However u cannot light the bulb in any other way   Encapsulation

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An example using C     abstraction - exposing only the relevant behavior public interface IMakeFire        void LightFire         encapsulation - hiding things that the rest of the world doesn t need to see public class Caveman  IMakeFire          exposed information        public string Name  get set            exposed but unchangeable information      public byte Age  get  private set           internal i e hidden object detail  This can be changed freely  the outside world         doesn t know about it      private bool CanMakeFire                     return Age  gt 7                 implementation of a relevant feature      public void LightFire                  if   CanMakeFire                         throw new UnableToLightFireException  Too young                      GatherWood            GetFireStone              light the fire               private GatherWood            private GetFireStone       public class PersonWithMatch IMakeFire           implementation      Any caveman can make a fire  because it implements the IMakeFire  feature   Having a group of fire makers  List  this means that both Caveman and PersonWithMatch are valid choises   This means that       this method  and class  isn t coupled to a Caveman or a PersonWithMatch      it can work with ANY object implementing IMakeFire   public void FireStarter IMakeFire starter              starter LightFire            So you can have lots of implementors with plenty of details  properties  and behavior methods   but in this scenario what matters is their ability to make fire  This is abstraction   Since making a fire requires some steps  GetWood etc   these are hidden from the view as they are an internal concern of the class   The caveman has many other public behaviors which can be called by the outside world  But some details will be always hidden because are related to internal working  They re private and exist only for the object  they are never exposed  This is encapsulation

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Abstraction is a means of hiding details in order to simplify an interface   So  using a car as an example  all of the controls in a car are abstractions  This allows you to operate a vehicle without understanding the underlying details of the steering  acceleration  or deceleration systems   A good abstraction is one that standardizes an interface broadly  across multiple instances of a similar problem  A great abstraction can change an industry   The modern steering wheel  brake pedal  and gas pedal are all examples of great abstractions  Car steering initially looked more like bicycle steering  And both brakes and throttles were operated by hand  But the abstractions we use today were so powerful  they swept the industry   --  Encapsulation is a means of hiding details in order to protect them from outside manipulation   Encapsulation is what prevents the driver from manipulating the way the car drives     from the stiffness of the steering  suspension  and braking  to the characteristics of the throttle  and transmission  Most cars do not provide interfaces for changing any of these things  This encapsulation ensures that the vehicle will operate as the manufacturer intended    Some cars offer a small number of driving modes     like luxury  sport  and economy     which allow the driver to change several of these attributes together at once  By providing driving modes  the manufacturer is allowing the driver some control over the experience while preventing them from selecting a combination of attributes that would render the vehicle less enjoyable or unsafe  In this way  the manufacturer is hiding the details to prevent unsafe manipulations  This is encapsulation

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data abstraction          accessing data members and member functions of any class is simply called data abstraction       encapsulation          binding variables and functions or 1 can say data members or member functions all together in a single unit is called as data encapsulation

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Abstraction is generalised term  i e  Encapsulation is subset of Abstraction    Abstraction is a powerful methodology to manage complex systems  Abstraction is managed by well-defined objects and their hierarchical classification     For example a car in itself is a well-defined object  which is composed of several other smaller objects like a gearing system  steering mechanism  engine  which are again have their own subsystems  But for humans car is a one single object  which can be managed by the help of its subsystems  even if their inner details are unknown  Courtesy    Encapsulation  Wrapping up data member and method together into a single unit  i e  Class  is called Encapsulation   Encapsulation is like enclosing in a capsule  That is enclosing the related operations and data related to an object into that object   Encapsulation is like your bag in which you can keep your pen  book etc  It means this is the property of encapsulating members and functions   class Bag      book      pen      ReadBook        Encapsulation means hiding the internal details of an object  i e  how an object does something   Encapsulation prevents clients from seeing its inside view  where the behaviour of the abstraction is implemented   Encapsulation is a technique used to protect the information in an object from the other object   Hide the data for security such as making the variables as private  and expose the property to access the private data which would be public   So  when you access the property you can validate the data and set it  Courtesy

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Abstraction is hiding the information or providing only necessary details to the client   e g Car Brakes- You just know that pressing the pedals will stop the vehicle but you don t need to know how it works internally   Advantage of Abstraction Tomorrow if brake implementation changes from drum brake to disk brake  as a client  you don t need to change i e your code will not change    Encapsulation is binding the data and behaviors together in a single unit  Also it is a language mechanism for restricting access to some components this can be achieved by access modifiers like private protected etc    For e g  Class has attributes i e data  and behaviors  i e methods that operate on that data

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public abstract class Draw       public abstract void drawShape       this is abstraction   Implementation detail need not to be known         so we are providing only necessary detail by giving drawShape    No implementation  Subclass will give detail        private int type        this variable cannot be set outside of the class  Because it is private         Binding private instance variable with public setter getter method is encapsulation       public int getType              return type             public void setType int type        this is encapsulation  Protecting any value to be set          if  type  gt   0  amp  amp  type  lt   3                this type   type            else               System out println  We have four types only  Enter value between 0 to 4                try                   throw new MyInvalidValueSetException                  catch  MyInvalidValueSetException e                    e printStackTrace                                       Abstraction is related with methods where implementation detail is not known which is a kind of implementation hiding  Encapsulation is related with instance variable binding with method  a kind of data hiding

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Abstraction is Showing necessary info to the user where as Encapsulation hide the unwanted data from the user Product from the user     Encapsulation Implements the Abstraction   Abstraction is the process where as Encapsulation actually implements it  For Eg  Adding user logic -  we need to validate the user   creating DB connection and insert the User  So user do not know fist need to call validate function   creating DB connection and then insert the Value in DB  He only call the AddUser function which call the internally all logic with in   this is only Encapsulation  Grouping the feature and hiding the methods

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Abstraction is the process where you  throw-away  unnecessary details from an entity you plan to capture represent in your design and keep only the properties of the entity that are relevant to your domain  Example  to represent car you would keep e g  the model and price  current location and current speed and ignore color and number of seats etc     Encapsulation is the  binding  of the properties and the operations that manipulate them in a single unit of abstraction  namely a class   So the car would have accelarate stop that manipulate location and current speed etc

[oop] Simple way to understand Encapsulation and Abstraction

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