You can use the way like @Florin Ghita has suggested. But remember dbms_lob.substr has a limit of 4000 characters in the function For example :
dbms_lob.substr(clob_value_column,4000,1)
Otherwise you will find ORA-22835 (buffer too small)
You can also use the other sql way :
SELECT * FROM your_table WHERE clob_value_column LIKE '%your string%';
Note : There are performance problems associated with both the above ways like causing Full Table Scans, so please consider about Oracle Text Indexes as well:
https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/12.2/ccapp/indexing-with-oracle-text.html