This isn't easy, unless your regexp engine has special support for it. The easiest way would be to use a negative-match option, for example:
$var !~ /^foo$/
or die "too much foo";
If not, you have to do something evil:
$var =~ /^(($)|([^f].*)|(f[^o].*)|(fo[^o].*)|(foo.+))$/
or die "too much foo";
That one basically says "if it starts with non-f
, the rest can be anything; if it starts with f
, non-o
, the rest can be anything; otherwise, if it starts fo
, the next character had better not be another o
".