[javascript] What is a practical use for a closure in JavaScript?

I'm trying my hardest to wrap my head around JavaScript closures.

I get that by returning an inner function, it will have access to any variable defined in its immediate parent.

Where would this be useful to me? Perhaps I haven't quite got my head around it yet. Most of the examples I have seen online don't provide any real world code, just vague examples.

Can someone show me a real world use of a closure?

Is this one, for example?

var warnUser = function (msg) {
    var calledCount = 0;
    return function() {
       calledCount++;
       alert(msg + '\nYou have been warned ' + calledCount + ' times.');
    };
};

var warnForTamper = warnUser('You can not tamper with our HTML.');
warnForTamper();
warnForTamper();

This question is related to javascript closures terminology

The answer is


Yes, that is a good example of a useful closure. The call to warnUser creates the calledCount variable in its scope and returns an anonymous function which is stored in the warnForTamper variable. Because there is still a closure making use of the calledCount variable, it isn't deleted upon the function's exit, so each call to the warnForTamper() will increase the scoped variable and alert the value.

The most common issue I see on Stack Overflow is where someone wants to "delay" use of a variable that is increased upon each loop, but because the variable is scoped then each reference to the variable would be after the loop has ended, resulting in the end state of the variable:

for (var i = 0; i < someVar.length; i++)
    window.setTimeout(function () {
        alert("Value of i was "+i+" when this timer was set" )
    }, 10000);

This would result in every alert showing the same value of i, the value it was increased to when the loop ended. The solution is to create a new closure, a separate scope for the variable. This can be done using an instantly executed anonymous function, which receives the variable and stores its state as an argument:

for (var i = 0; i < someVar.length; i++)
    (function (i) {
        window.setTimeout(function () {
            alert("Value of i was " + i + " when this timer was set")
        }, 10000);
    })(i);

Closures are a useful way to create , a sequence incremented on-demand:

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    var foobar = function(i){var count = count || i; return function(){return ++count;}}_x000D_
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    baz = foobar(1);_x000D_
    console.log("first call: " + baz()); //2_x000D_
    console.log("second call: " + baz()); //3
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The differences are summarized as follows:

Anonymous functions                                    Defined functions

Cannot be used as a method                             Can be used as a method of an object

Exists only in the scope in which it is defined        Exists within the object it is defined in

Can only be called in the scope in which it is defined Can be called at any point in the code

Can be reassigned a new value or deleted               Cannot be deleted or changed

References


Explaining the practical use for a closure in JavaScript

When we create a function inside another function, we are creating a closure. Closures are powerful because they are capable of reading and manipulating the data of its outer functions. Whenever a function is invoked, a new scope is created for that call. The local variable declared inside the function belong to that scope and they can only be accessed from that function. When the function has finished the execution, the scope is usually destroyed.

A simple example of such function is this:

function buildName(name) {
    const greeting = "Hello, " + name;
    return greeting;
}

In above example, the function buildName() declares a local variable greeting and returns it. Every function call creates a new scope with a new local variable. After the function is done executing, we have no way to refer to that scope again, so it’s garbage collected.

But how about when we have a link to that scope?

Let’s look at the next function:

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function buildName(name) {
    const greeting = "Hello, " + name + " Welcome ";
    const sayName = function() {
        console.log(greeting);
    };
    return sayName;
}

const sayMyName = buildName("Mandeep");
sayMyName();  // Hello, Mandeep Welcome
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The function sayName() from this example is a closure. The sayName() function has its own local scope (with variable welcome) and has also access to the outer (enclosing) function’s scope. In this case, the variable greeting from buildName().

After the execution of buildName is done, the scope is not destroyed in this case. The sayMyName() function still has access to it, so it won’t be garbage collected. However, there is no other way of accessing data from the outer scope except the closure. The closure serves as the gateway between the global context and the outer scope.


I like Mozilla's function factory example.

function makeAdder(x) {

    return function(y) {
        return x + y;
    };
}

var addFive = makeAdder(5);

console.assert(addFive(2) === 7);
console.assert(addFive(-5) === 0);

Here, I have a greeting that I want to say several times. If I create a closure, I can simply call that function to record the greeting. If I don't create the closure, I have to pass my name in every single time.

Without a closure (https://jsfiddle.net/lukeschlangen/pw61qrow/3/):

function greeting(firstName, lastName) {
  var message = "Hello " + firstName + " " + lastName + "!";
  console.log(message);
}

greeting("Billy", "Bob");
greeting("Billy", "Bob");
greeting("Billy", "Bob");
greeting("Luke", "Schlangen");
greeting("Luke", "Schlangen");
greeting("Luke", "Schlangen");

With a closure (https://jsfiddle.net/lukeschlangen/Lb5cfve9/3/):

function greeting(firstName, lastName) {
  var message = "Hello " + firstName + " " + lastName + "!";

  return function() {
    console.log(message);
  }
}

var greetingBilly = greeting("Billy", "Bob");
var greetingLuke = greeting("Luke", "Schlangen");

greetingBilly();
greetingBilly();
greetingBilly();
greetingLuke();
greetingLuke();
greetingLuke();

I wrote an article a while back about how closures can be used to simplify event-handling code. It compares ASP.NET event handling to client-side jQuery.

http://www.hackification.com/2009/02/20/closures-simplify-event-handling-code/


Reference: Practical usage of closures

In practice, closures may create elegant designs, allowing customization of various calculations, deferred calls, callbacks, creating encapsulated scope, etc.

An example is the sort method of arrays which accepts the sort condition function as an argument:

[1, 2, 3].sort(function (a, b) {
    ... // Sort conditions
});

Mapping functionals as the map method of arrays which maps a new array by the condition of the functional argument:

[1, 2, 3].map(function (element) {
    return element * 2;
}); // [2, 4, 6]

Often it is convenient to implement search functions with using functional arguments defining almost unlimited conditions for search:

someCollection.find(function (element) {
    return element.someProperty == 'searchCondition';
});

Also, we may note applying functionals as, for example, a forEach method which applies a function to an array of elements:

[1, 2, 3].forEach(function (element) {
    if (element % 2 != 0) {
        alert(element);
    }
}); // 1, 3

A function is applied to arguments (to a list of arguments — in apply, and to positioned arguments — in call):

(function () {
    alert([].join.call(arguments, ';')); // 1;2;3
}).apply(this, [1, 2, 3]);

Deferred calls:

var a = 10;
setTimeout(function () {
    alert(a); // 10, after one second
}, 1000);

Callback functions:

var x = 10;
// Only for example
xmlHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function () {
    // Callback, which will be called deferral ,
    // when data will be ready;
    // variable "x" here is available,
    // regardless that context in which,
    // it was created already finished
    alert(x); // 10
};

Creation of an encapsulated scope for the purpose of hiding auxiliary objects:

var foo = {};
(function (object) {
    var x = 10;
    object.getX = function _getX() {
        return x;
    };
})(foo);

alert(foo.getX()); // Get closured "x" – 10

If you're comfortable with the concept of instantiating a class in the object-oriented sense (i.e. to create an object of that class) then you're close to understanding closures.

Think of it this way: when you instantiate two Person objects you know that the class member variable "Name" is not shared between instances; each object has its own 'copy'. Similarly, when you create a closure, the free variable ('calledCount' in your example above) is bound to the 'instance' of the function.

I think your conceptual leap is slightly hampered by the fact that every function/closure returned by the warnUser function (aside: that's a higher-order function) closure binds 'calledCount' with the same initial value (0), whereas often when creating closures it is more useful to pass different initializers into the higher-order function, much like passing different values to the constructor of a class.

So, suppose when 'calledCount' reaches a certain value you want to end the user's session; you might want different values for that depending on whether the request comes in from the local network or the big bad internet (yes, it's a contrived example). To achieve this, you could pass different initial values for calledCount into warnUser (i.e. -3, or 0?).

Part of the problem with the literature is the nomenclature used to describe them ("lexical scope", "free variables"). Don't let it fool you, closures are more simple than would appear... prima facie ;-)


There are various use cases of closures.Here, I am going to explain most important usage of Closure concept.

  • Closure can be used to create private methods and variables just like an object-oriented language like java, c++ and so on. Once you implemented private methods and variables, your variables defined inside a function won't be accessible by window object. This helps in data hiding and data security.
const privateClass = () => {
  let name = "sundar";
  function setName(changeName) {
    name = changeName;
  }
  function getName() {
    return name;
  }
  return {
    setName: setName,
    getName: getName,
  };
};

let javaLikeObject = privateClass(); \\ similar to new Class() in OOPS.

console.log(javaLikeObject.getName()); \\this will give sundar
javaLikeObject.setName("suresh");
console.log(javaLikeObject.getName()); \\this will give suresh

  • Another real-life example of closure :

Create index.html:

<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Program with Javascript</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p id="first"></p>
    <p id="second"></p>
    <button onclick="applyingConcepts()">Click</button>
    <script src="./index.js"></script>
  </body>
</html>

2)In index.js:

  let count = 0;
  return () => {
    document.getElementById("first").innerHTML = count++;
  };
})();

  • In this example, when you click a button, then your count will be updated on p#id. Note: You might be wondering what's special in this code. When you inspect, you will notice that you can't change the value of count using the window object. This means you have declared private variable count so this prevents your states from being spoiled by the client.

This thread has helped me immensely in gaining a better understanding of how closures work.

I've since done some experimentation of my own and came up with this fairly simple code which may help some other people see how closures can be used in a practical way and how to use the closure at different levels to maintain variables similar to static and/or global variables without risk of them getting overwritten or confused with global variables.

This keeps track of button clicks, both at a local level for each individual button and a global level, counting every button click, contributing towards a single figure. Note I haven't used any global variables to do this, which is kind of the point of the exercise - having a handler that can be applied to any button that also contributes to something globally.

Please experts, do let me know if I've committed any bad practices here! I'm still learning this stuff myself.

<!doctype html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <title>Closures on button presses</title>

    <script type="text/javascript">

        window.addEventListener("load" , function () {
            /*
                Grab the function from the first closure,
                and assign to a temporary variable
                this will set the totalButtonCount variable
                that is used to count the total of all button clicks
            */
            var buttonHandler = buttonsCount();

            /*
                Using the result from the first closure (a function is returned)
                assign and run the sub closure that carries the
                individual variable for button count and assign to the click handlers
            */
            document.getElementById("button1").addEventListener("click" , buttonHandler() );
            document.getElementById("button2").addEventListener("click" , buttonHandler() );
            document.getElementById("button3").addEventListener("click" , buttonHandler() );

            // Now that buttonHandler has served its purpose it can be deleted if needs be
            buttonHandler = null;
        });


        function buttonsCount() {
            /*
                First closure level
                - totalButtonCount acts as a sort of global counter to count any button presses
            */
            var totalButtonCount = 0;

            return  function () {
                // Second closure level
                var myButtonCount = 0;

                return function (event) {
                    // Actual function that is called on the button click
                    event.preventDefault();
                    /*
                       Increment the button counts.
                       myButtonCount only exists in the scope that is
                       applied to each event handler and therefore acts
                       to count each button individually, whereas because
                       of the first closure totalButtonCount exists at
                       the scope just outside, it maintains a sort
                       of static or global variable state
                    */

                    totalButtonCount++;
                    myButtonCount++;

                    /*
                        Do something with the values ... fairly pointless
                        but it shows that each button contributes to both
                        its own variable and the outer variable in the
                        first closure
                    */
                    console.log("Total button clicks: "+totalButtonCount);
                    console.log("This button count: "+myButtonCount);
                }
            }
        }
    </script>
</head>

<body>
    <a href="#" id="button1">Button 1</a>
    <a href="#" id="button2">Button 2</a>
    <a href="#" id="button3">Button 3</a>
</body>

</html>

Much of the code we write in front-end JavaScript is event-based — we define some behavior, then attach it to an event that is triggered by the user (such as a click or a keypress). Our code is generally attached as a callback: a single function which is executed in response to the event. size12, size14, and size16 are now functions which will resize the body text to 12, 14, and 16 pixels, respectively. We can attach them to buttons (in this case links) as follows:

function makeSizer(size) {
    return function() {
    document.body.style.fontSize = size + 'px';
    };
}

var size12 = makeSizer(12);
var size14 = makeSizer(14);
var size16 = makeSizer(16);

document.getElementById('size-12').onclick = size12;
document.getElementById('size-14').onclick = size14;
document.getElementById('size-16').onclick = size16;

Fiddle


I'm trying to learn closures and I think the example that I have created is a practical use case. You can run a snippet and see the result in the console.

We have two separate users who have separate data. Each of them can see the actual state and update it.

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function createUserWarningData(user) {
  const data = {
    name: user,
    numberOfWarnings: 0,
  };

  function addWarning() {
    data.numberOfWarnings = data.numberOfWarnings + 1;
  }

  function getUserData() {
    console.log(data);
    return data;
  }

  return {
    getUserData: getUserData,
    addWarning: addWarning,
  };
}

const user1 = createUserWarningData("Thomas");
const user2 = createUserWarningData("Alex");

//USER 1
user1.getUserData(); // Returning data user object
user1.addWarning(); // Add one warning to specific user
user1.getUserData(); // Returning data user object

//USER2
user2.getUserData(); // Returning data user object
user2.addWarning(); // Add one warning to specific user
user2.addWarning(); // Add one warning to specific user
user2.getUserData(); // Returning data user object
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Here I have one simple example of the closure concept which we can use for in our E-commerce site or many others as well.

I am adding my JSFiddle link with the example. It contains a small product list of three items and one cart counter.

JSFiddle

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// Counter closure implemented function;
var CartCouter = function(){
  var counter = 0;

  function changeCounter(val){
      counter += val
  }

  return {
      increment: function(){
        changeCounter(1);
    },
    decrement: function(){
      changeCounter(-1);
    },
    value: function(){
      return counter;
    }
  }
}

var cartCount = CartCouter();

function updateCart() {
  document.getElementById('cartcount').innerHTML = cartCount.value();
}

var productlist = document.getElementsByClassName('item');
for(var i = 0; i< productlist.length; i++){
  productlist[i].addEventListener('click', function(){
    if(this.className.indexOf('selected') < 0){
      this.className += " selected";
      cartCount.increment();
      updateCart();
    }
    else{
      this.className = this.className.replace("selected", "");
      cartCount.decrement();
      updateCart();
    }
  })
}
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.productslist{
  padding: 10px;
}
ul li{
  display: inline-block;
  padding: 5px;
  border: 1px solid #DDD;
  text-align: center;
  width: 25%;
  cursor: pointer;
}
.selected{
  background-color: #7CFEF0;
  color: #333;
}
.cartdiv{
  position: relative;
  float: right;
  padding: 5px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  border: 1px solid #F1F1F1;
}
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<div>
    <h3>
        Practical use of a JavaScript closure concept/private variable.
    </h3>

    <div class="cartdiv">
        <span id="cartcount">0</span>
    </div>

    <div class="productslist">
        <ul>
            <li class="item">Product 1</li>
            <li class="item">Product 2</li>
            <li class="item">Product 3</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
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The JavaScript module pattern uses closures. Its nice pattern allows you to have something alike "public" and "private" variables.

var myNamespace = (function () {

  var myPrivateVar, myPrivateMethod;

  // A private counter variable
  myPrivateVar = 0;

  // A private function which logs any arguments
  myPrivateMethod = function(foo) {
      console.log(foo);
  };

  return {

    // A public variable
    myPublicVar: "foo",

    // A public function utilizing privates
    myPublicFunction: function(bar) {

      // Increment our private counter
      myPrivateVar++;

      // Call our private method using bar
      myPrivateMethod(bar);
    }
  };

})();

The example you give is an excellent one. Closures are an abstraction mechanism that allow you to separate concerns very cleanly. Your example is a case of separating instrumentation (counting calls) from semantics (an error-reporting API). Other uses include:

  1. Passing parameterised behaviour into an algorithm (classic higher-order programming):

    function proximity_sort(arr, midpoint) {
        arr.sort(function(a, b) { a -= midpoint; b -= midpoint; return a*a - b*b; });
    }
    
  2. Simulating object oriented programming:

    function counter() {
        var a = 0;
        return {
            inc: function() { ++a; },
            dec: function() { --a; },
            get: function() { return a; },
            reset: function() { a = 0; }
        }
    }
    
  3. Implementing exotic flow control, such as jQuery's Event handling and AJAX APIs.


In the JavaScript (or any ECMAScript) language, in particular, closures are useful in hiding the implementation of functionality while still revealing the interface.

For example, imagine you are writing a class of date utility methods and you want to allow users to look up weekday names by index, but you don't want them to be able to modify the array of names you use under the hood.

var dateUtil = {
  weekdayShort: (function() {
    var days = ['Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 'Thu', 'Fri', 'Sat', 'Sun'];
    return function(x) {
      if ((x != parseInt(x)) || (x < 1) || (x > 7)) {
        throw new Error("invalid weekday number");
      }
      return days[x - 1];
    };
  }())
};

Note that the days array could simply be stored as a property of the dateUtil object, but then it would be visible to users of the script and they could even change it if they wanted, without even needing your source code. However, since it's enclosed by the anonymous function which returns the date lookup function it is only accessible by the lookup function so it is now tamperproof.


Suppose, you want to count the number of times user clicked a button on a webpage.

For this, you are triggering a function on onclick event of button to update the count of the variable

<button onclick="updateClickCount()">click me</button>

Now there could be many approaches like:

  1. You could use a global variable, and a function to increase the counter:

     var counter = 0;
    
     function updateClickCount() {
         ++counter;
         // Do something with counter
     }
    

    But, the pitfall is that any script on the page can change the counter, without calling updateClickCount().


  1. Now, you might be thinking of declaring the variable inside the function:

     function updateClickCount() {
         var counter = 0;
         ++counter;
         // Do something with counter
     }
    

    But, hey! Every time updateClickCount() function is called, the counter is set to 1 again.


  1. Thinking about nested functions?

    Nested functions have access to the scope "above" them.

    In this example, the inner function updateClickCount() has access to the counter variable in the parent function countWrapper():

     function countWrapper() {
         var counter = 0;
         function updateClickCount() {
             ++counter;
             // Do something with counter
         }
         updateClickCount();
         return counter;
     }
    

    This could have solved the counter dilemma, if you could reach the updateClickCount() function from the outside and you also need to find a way to execute counter = 0 only once not everytime.


  1. Closure to the rescue! (self-invoking function):

     var updateClickCount = (function(){
         var counter = 0;
    
         return function(){
             ++counter;
             // Do something with counter
         }
     })();
    

    The self-invoking function only runs once. It sets the counter to zero (0), and returns a function expression.

    This way updateClickCount becomes a function. The "wonderful" part is that it can access the counter in the parent scope.

    This is called a JavaScript closure. It makes it possible for a function to have "private" variables.

    The counter is protected by the scope of the anonymous function, and can only be changed using the add function!

A more lively example on closures

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<script>
var updateClickCount = (function(){
    var counter = 0;

    return function(){
        ++counter;
        document.getElementById("spnCount").innerHTML = counter;
    }
})();
</script>

<html>
<button onclick="updateClickCount()">click me</button>
<div> you've clicked
    <span id="spnCount"> 0 </span> times!
</div>
</html>
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Reference: JavaScript Closures


JavaScript closures can be used to implement throttle and debounce functionality in your application.

Throttling

Throttling puts a limit on as a maximum number of times a function can be called over time. As in "execute this function at most once every 100 milliseconds."

Code:

const throttle = (func, limit) => {
  let isThrottling
  return function() {
    const args = arguments
    const context = this
    if (!isThrottling) {
      func.apply(context, args)
      isThrottling = true
      setTimeout(() => isThrottling = false, limit)
    }
  }
}

Debouncing

Debouncing puts a limit on a function not be called again until a certain amount of time has passed without it being called. As in "execute this function only if 100 milliseconds have passed without it being called."

Code:

const debounce = (func, delay) => {
  let debouncing
  return function() {
    const context = this
    const args = arguments
    clearTimeout(debouncing)
    debouncing = setTimeout(() => func.apply(context, args), delay)
  }
}

As you can see closures helped in implementing two beautiful features which every web application should have to provide smooth UI experience functionality.


There is a section on Practical Closures at the Mozilla Developer Network.


Another common use for closures is to bind this in a method to a specific object, allowing it to be called elsewhere (such as as an event handler).

function bind(obj, method) {
    if (typeof method == 'string') {
        method = obj[method];
    }
    return function () {
        method.apply(obj, arguments);
    }
}
...
document.body.addEventListener('mousemove', bind(watcher, 'follow'), true);

Whenever a mousemove event fires, watcher.follow(evt) is called.

Closures are also an essential part of higher-order functions, allowing the very common pattern of rewriting multiple similar functions as a single higher order function by parameterizing the dissimilar portions. As an abstract example,

foo_a = function (...) {A a B}
foo_b = function (...) {A b B}
foo_c = function (...) {A c B}

becomes

fooer = function (x) {
    return function (...) {A x B}
}

where A and B aren't syntactical units but source code strings (not string literals).

See "Streamlining my javascript with a function" for a concrete example.


In the given sample, the value of the enclosed variable 'counter' is protected and can be altered only using the given functions (increment, decrement). Because it is in a closure,

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var MyCounter = function (){
    var counter = 0;
    return {
        increment:function () {return counter += 1;},
        decrement:function () {return counter -= 1;},
        get:function () {return counter;}
    };
};

var x = MyCounter();
// Or
var y = MyCounter();

alert(x.get()); // 0
alert(x.increment()); // 1
alert(x.increment()); // 2

alert(y.increment()); // 1
alert(x.get()); // x is still 2
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Use of Closures:

Closures are one of the most powerful features of JavaScript. JavaScript allows for the nesting of functions and grants the inner function full access to all the variables and functions defined inside the outer function (and all other variables and functions that the outer function has access to). However, the outer function does not have access to the variables and functions defined inside the inner function.

This provides a sort of security for the variables of the inner function. Also, since the inner function has access to the scope of the outer function, the variables and functions defined in the outer function will live longer than the outer function itself, if the inner function manages to survive beyond the life of the outer function. A closure is created when the inner function is somehow made available to any scope outside the outer function.

Example:

<script>
var createPet = function(name) {
  var sex;
  
  return {
    setName: function(newName) {
      name = newName;
    },
    
    getName: function() {
      return name;
    },
    
    getSex: function() {
      return sex;
    },
    
    setSex: function(newSex) {
      if(typeof newSex == "string" && (newSex.toLowerCase() == "male" || newSex.toLowerCase() == "female")) {
        sex = newSex;
      }
    }
  }
}

var pet = createPet("Vivie");
console.log(pet.getName());                  // Vivie

console.log(pet.setName("Oliver"));   
console.log(pet.setSex("male"));
console.log(pet.getSex());                   // male
console.log(pet.getName());                  // Oliver
</script>

In the code above, the name variable of the outer function is accessible to the inner functions, and there is no other way to access the inner variables except through the inner functions. The inner variables of the inner function act as safe stores for the inner functions. They hold "persistent", yet secure, data for the inner functions to work with. The functions do not even have to be assigned to a variable, or have a name. read here for detail.


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