As a late corolloary to the earlier answers here, you probably end up in situations where you want some but not all variables to be interpolated. You can solve that by using backslashes to escape dollar signs and backticks; or you can put the static text in a variable.
Name='Rich Ba$tard'
dough='$$$dollars$$$'
cat <<____HERE
$Name, you can win a lot of $dough this week!
Notice that \`backticks' need escaping if you want
literal text, not `pwd`, just like in variables like
\$HOME (current value: $HOME)
____HERE
Demo: https://ideone.com/rMF2XA
Note that any of the quoting mechanisms -- \____HERE
or "____HERE"
or '____HERE'
-- will disable all variable interpolation, and turn the here-document into a piece of literal text.
A common task is to combine local variables with script which should be evaluated by a different shell, programming language, or remote host.
local=$(uname)
ssh -t remote <<:
echo "$local is the value from the host which ran the ssh command"
# Prevent here doc from expanding locally; remote won't see backslash
remote=\$(uname)
# Same here
echo "\$remote is the value from the host we ssh:ed to"
: