When should I really use noexcept

Question

The noexcept keyword can be appropriately applied to many function signatures  but I am unsure as to when I should consider using it in practice  Based on what I have read so far  the last-minute addition of noexcept seems to address some important issues that arise when move constructors throw  However  I am still unable to provide satisfactory answers to some practical questions that led me to read more about noexcept in the first place   There are many examples of functions that I know will never throw  but for which the compiler cannot determine so on its own  Should I append noexcept to the function declaration in all such cases  Having to think about whether or not I need to append noexcept after every function declaration would greatly reduce programmer productivity  and frankly  would be a pain in the neck   For which situations should I be more careful about the use of noexcept  and for which situations can I get away with the implied noexcept false    When can I realistically expect to observe a performance improvement after using noexcept  In particular  give an example of code for which a C   compiler is able to generate better machine code after the addition of noexcept  Personally  I care about noexcept because of the increased freedom provided to the compiler to safely apply certain kinds of optimizations  Do modern compilers take advantage of noexcept in this way  If not  can I expect some of them to do so in the near future

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noexcept can dramatically improve performance of some operations  This does not happen at the level of generating machine code by the compiler  but by selecting the most effective algorithm  as others mentioned  you do this selection using function std  move if noexcept  For instance  the growth of std  vector  e g   when we call reserve  must provide a strong exception-safety guarantee  If it knows that T s move constructor doesn t throw  it can just move every element  Otherwise it must copy all Ts  This has been described in detail in this post

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This actually does make a  potentially  huge difference to the optimizer in the compiler  Compilers have actually had this feature for years via the empty throw   statement after a function definition  as well as propriety extensions  I can assure you that modern compilers do take advantage of this knowledge to generate better code   Almost every optimization in the compiler uses something called a  flow graph  of a function to reason about what is legal  A flow graph consists of what are generally called  blocks  of the function  areas of code that have a single entrance and a single exit  and edges between the blocks to indicate where flow can jump to  Noexcept alters the flow graph   You asked for a specific example  Consider this code   void foo int x        try           bar            x   5             Other stuff which doesn t modify x  but might throw       catch                   Don t modify x            baz x      Or other statement using x     The flow graph for this function is different if bar is labeled noexcept  there is no way for execution to jump between the end of bar and the catch statement   When labeled as noexcept  the compiler is certain the value of x is 5 during the baz function - the x 5 block is said to  dominate  the baz x  block without the edge from bar   to the catch statement   It can then do something called  constant propagation  to generate more efficient code  Here if baz is inlined  the statements using x might also contain constants and then what used to be a runtime evaluation can be turned into a compile-time evaluation  etc   Anyway  the short answer  noexcept lets the compiler generate a tighter flow graph  and the flow graph is used to reason about all sorts of common compiler optimizations  To a compiler  user annotations of this nature are awesome  The compiler will try to figure this stuff out  but it usually can t  the function in question might be in another object file not visible to the compiler or transitively use some function which is not visible   or when it does  there is some trivial exception which might be thrown that you re not even aware of  so it can t implicitly label it as noexcept  allocating memory might throw bad alloc  for example

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There are many examples of functions that I know will never throw  but for which the compiler cannot determine so on its own  Should I append noexcept to the function declaration in all such cases    When you say  I know  they  will never throw   you mean by examining the implementation of the function you know that the function will not throw  I think that approach is inside out   It is better to consider whether a function may throw exceptions to be part of the design of the function  as important as the argument list and whether a method is a mutator      const   Declaring that  this function never throws exceptions  is a constraint on the implementation  Omitting it does not mean the function might throw exceptions  it means that the current version of the function and all future versions may throw exceptions  It is a constraint that makes the implementation harder  But some methods must have the constraint to be practically useful  most importantly  so they can be called from destructors  but also for implementation of  roll-back  code in methods that provide the strong exception guarantee

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There are many examples of functions that I know will never throw  but for which the compiler cannot determine so on its own  Should I append noexcept to the function declaration in all such cases       noexcept is tricky  as it is part of the functions interface  Especially  if you are writing a library  your client code can depend on the noexcept property  It can be difficult to change it later  as you might break existing code  That might be less of a concern when you are implementing code that is only used by your application   If you have a function that cannot throw  ask yourself whether it will like stay noexcept or would that restrict future implementations  For example  you might want to introduce error checking of illegal arguments by throwing exceptions  e g   for unit tests   or you might depend on other library code that could change its exception specification  In that case  it is safer to be conservative and omit noexcept   On the other hand  if you are confident that the function should never throw and it is correct that it is part of the specification  you should declare it noexcept  However  keep in mind that the compiler will not be able to detect violations of noexcept if your implementation changes         For which situations should I be more careful about the use of noexcept  and for which situations can I get away with the implied noexcept false        There are four classes of functions that should you should concentrate on because they will likely have the biggest impact    move operations  move assignment operator and move constructors  swap operations memory deallocators  operator delete  operator delete    destructors  though these are implicitly noexcept true  unless you make them noexcept false     These functions should generally be noexcept  and it is most likely that library implementations can make use of the noexcept property  For example  std  vector can use non-throwing move operations without sacrificing strong exception guarantees  Otherwise  it will have to fall back to copying elements  as it did in C  98    This kind of optimization is on the algorithmic level and does not rely on compiler optimizations  It can have a significant impact  especially if the elements are expensive to copy         When can I realistically expect to observe a performance improvement after using noexcept  In particular  give an example of code for which a C   compiler is able to generate better machine code after the addition of noexcept       The advantage of noexcept against no exception specification or throw   is that the standard allows the compilers more freedom when it comes to stack unwinding  Even in the throw   case  the compiler has to completely unwind the stack  and it has to do it in the exact reverse order of the object constructions    In the noexcept case  on the other hand  it is not required to do that  There is no requirement that the stack has to be unwound  but the compiler is still allowed to do it   That freedom allows further code optimization as it lowers the overhead of always being able to unwind the stack    The related question about noexcept  stack unwinding and performance goes into more details about the overhead when stack unwinding is required   I also recommend Scott Meyers book  Effective Modern C      Item 14  Declare functions noexcept if they won t emit exceptions  for further reading

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When can I realistically except to observe a performance improvement after using noexcept  In particular  give an example of code for which a C   compiler is able to generate better machine code after the addition of noexcept    Um  never  Is never a time  Never   noexcept is for compiler performance optimizations in the same way that const is for compiler performance optimizations  That is  almost never   noexcept is primarily used to allow  you  to detect at compile-time if a function can throw an exception  Remember  most compilers don t emit special code for exceptions unless it actually throws something  So noexcept is not a matter of giving the compiler hints about how to optimize a function so much as giving you hints about how to use a function   Templates like move if noexcept will detect if the move constructor is defined with noexcept and will return a const amp  instead of a  amp  amp  of the type if it is not  It s a way of saying to move if it is very safe to do so   In general  you should use noexcept when you think it will actually be useful to do so  Some code will take different paths if is nothrow constructible is true for that type  If you re using code that will do that  then feel free to noexcept appropriate constructors   In short  use it for move constructors and similar constructs  but don t feel like you have to go nuts with it

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In Bjarne s words  The C   Programming Language  4th Edition  page 366       Where termination is an acceptable response  an uncaught exception   will achieve that because it turns into a call of terminate        13 5 2 5   Also  a noexcept specifier    13 5 1 1  can make that   desire explicit       Successful fault-tolerant systems are multilevel  Each level copes   with as many errors as it can without getting too contorted and leaves   the rest to higher levels  Exceptions support that view  Furthermore    terminate   supports this view by providing an escape if the   exception-handling mechanism itself is corrupted or if it has been   incompletely used  thus leaving exceptions uncaught  Similarly    noexcept provides a simple escape for errors where trying to recover   seems infeasible   double compute double x  noexcept            string s    Courtney and Anya       vector lt double gt  tmp 10                      The vector constructor may fail to acquire memory for its ten doubles   and throw a std  bad alloc  In that case  the program terminates  It   terminates unconditionally by invoking std  terminate      30 4 1 3     It does not invoke destructors from calling functions  It is   implementation-defined whether destructors from scopes between the   throw and the noexcept  e g   for s in compute    are invoked  The   program is just about to terminate  so we should not depend on any   object anyway  By adding a noexcept specifier  we indicate that our   code was not written to cope with a throw

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I think it is too early to give a  best practices  answer for this as there hasn t been enough time to use it in practice  If this was asked about throw specifiers right after they came out then the answers would be very different to now      Having to think about whether or not I need to append noexcept after every function declaration would greatly reduce programmer productivity  and frankly  would be a pain     Well  then use it when it s obvious that the function will never throw      When can I realistically expect to observe a performance improvement after using noexcept        Personally  I care about noexcept because  of the increased freedom provided to the compiler to safely apply certain kinds of optimizations    It seems like the biggest optimization gains are from user optimizations  not compiler ones due to the possibility of checking noexcept and overloading on it  Most compilers follow a no-penalty-if-you-don t-throw exception handling method  so I doubt it would change much  or anything  on the machine code level of your code  although perhaps reduce the binary size by removing the handling code   Using noexcept in the big four  constructors  assignment  not destructors as they re already noexcept  will likely cause the best improvements as noexcept checks are  common  in template code such as in std containers  For instance  std  vector won t use your class s move unless it s marked noexcept  or the compiler can deduce it otherwise

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As I keep repeating these days  semantics first   Adding noexcept  noexcept true  and noexcept false  is first and foremost about semantics  It only incidentally condition a number of possible optimizations   As a programmer reading code  the presence of noexcept is akin to that of const  it helps me better grok what may or may not happen  Therefore  it is worthwhile spending some time thinking about whether or not you know if the function will throw  For a reminder  any kind of dynamic memory allocation may throw     Okay  now on to the possible optimizations   The most obvious optimizations are actually performed in the libraries  C  11 provides a number of traits that allows knowing whether a function is noexcept or not  and the Standard Library implementation themselves will use those traits to favor noexcept operations on the user-defined objects they manipulate  if possible  Such as move semantics   The compiler may only shave a bit of fat  perhaps  from the exception handling data  because it has to take into account the fact that you may have lied  If a function marked noexcept does throw  then std  terminate is called   These semantics were chosen for two reasons    immediately benefiting from noexcept even when dependencies do not use it already  backward compatibility  allowing the specification of noexcept when calling functions that may theoretically throw  but are not expected to for the given arguments

[c++] When should I really use noexcept?

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