This formula will give the column based on a range (i.e., A1), where range is a single cell. If a multi-cell range is given it will return the top-left cell. Note, both cell references must be the same:
MID(CELL("address",A1),2,SEARCH("$",CELL("address",A1),2)-2)
How it works:
CELL("property","range") returns a specific value of the range depending on the property used. In this case the cell address. The address property returns a value $[col]$[row], i.e. A1 -> $A$1. The MID function parses out the column value between the $ symbols.