What is difference between functional and imperative programming languages

Question

Most of the mainstream languages  including object-oriented programming  OOP  languages such as C   Visual Basic  C    and Java were designed to primarily support imperative  procedural  programming  whereas Haskell gofer like languages are purely functional  Can anybody elaborate on what is the difference between these two ways of programming    I know it depends on user requirements to choose the way of programming but why is it recommended to learn functional programming languages

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Functional programming is  programming with functions   where a function has some expected mathematical properties  including referential transparency  From these properties  further properties flow  in particular familiar reasoning steps enabled by substitutability that lead to mathematical proofs  i e  justifying confidence in a result    It follows that a functional program is merely an expression   You can easily see the contrast between the two styles by noting the places in an imperative program where an expression is no longer referentially transparent  and therefore is not built with functions and values  and cannot itself be part of a function   The two most obvious places are  mutation  e g  variables  other side-effects non-local control flow  e g  exceptions   On this framework of programs-as-expressions which are composed of functions and values  is built an entire practical paradigm of languages  concepts   functional patterns   combinators  and various type systems and evaluation algorithms   By the most extreme definition  almost any language   even C or Java   can be called functional  but usually people reserve the term for languages with specifically relevant abstractions  such as closures  immutable values  and syntactic aids like pattern matching   As far as use of functional programming is concerned it involves use of functins and builds code without any side effects   used to write proofs

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I know this question is older and others already explained it well  I would like to give an example problem which explains the same in simple terms   Problem  Writing the 1 s table   Solution  -  By Imperative style          1 1 1     1 2 2     1 3 3                       1 n n    By Functional style          1     2     3                       n   Explanation in Imperative style we write the instructions more explicitly and which can be called as in more simplified manner   Where as in Functional style  things which are self-explanatory will be ignored

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Most modern languages are in varying degree both imperative and functional but to better understand functional programming  it will be best to take an example of pure functional language like Haskell in contrast of imperative code in not so functional language like java C   I believe it is always easy to explain by example  so below is one  Functional programming  calculate factorial of n i e n  i e n x  n-1  x  n-2  x    x 2 X 1 --   Haskell comment goes like --   below 2 lines is code to calculate factorial and 3rd is it s execution    factorial 0   1 factorial n   n   factorial  n - 1  factorial 3  --   for brevity let s call factorial as f  And x   gt  y shows order execution left to right --   above executes as    f 3  as 3 x f 2    gt  f 2  as 2 x f 1    gt  f 1  as 1 x f 0    gt  f 0  as 1   --   3 x  2 x  1 x  1     6  Notice that Haskel allows function overloading to the level of argument value  Now below is example of imperative code in increasing degree of imperativeness    somewhat functional way function factorial n      if n  lt  1         return 1        return n   factorial n-1        factorial 3      somewhat more imperative way function imperativeFactor n      int f   1    for int i   1  i  lt   n  i           f   f   i        return f     This read can be a good reference to understand that how imperative code focus more on how part  state of machine  i in for loop   order of execution  flow control  The later example can be seen as java C  lang code roughly and first part as limitation of the language itself in contrast of Haskell to overload the function by value  zero  and hence can be said it is not purist functional language  on the other hand you can say it support functional prog  to some extent  Disclosure  none of the above code is tested executed but hopefully should be good enough to convey the concept  also I would appreciate comments for any such correction

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The IMPERATIVE way int a       int b            int c   0    1  there is mutable data c   a b       2  statements  our    our    are used to update existing data  variable c   An imperative program   sequence of statements that change existing data  Focus on WHAT   our mutating data  modifiable values aka variables   To chain imperative statements   use procedures  and or oop      The FUNCTIONAL way const int a         data is always immutable const int b         data is always immutable    1  declare pure functions  we use statements to create  quot new quot  data  the result of our     but nothing is ever  quot changed quot  int add x  y        return x y        2  usage   call functions to get new data const int c   add a b     c can only be assigned     once  const   A functional program   a list of functions  quot explaining quot  how new data can be obtained  Focus on HOW   our function add  To chain functional  quot statements quot    use function composition   These fundamental distinctions have deep implications  Serious software has a lot of data and a lot of code  So same data  variable  is used in multiple parts of the code  A  In an imperative program  the mutability of this  shared  data causes issues  code is hard to understand maintain  since data can be modified in different locations ways moments  parallelizing code is hard  only one thread can mutate a memory location at the time  which means mutating accesses to same variable have to be serialized   developer must write additional code to enforce this serialized access to shared resources  typically via locks semaphores  As an advantage  data is really modified in place  less need to copy   some performance gains  B  On the other hand  functional code uses immutable data which does not have such issues  Data is readonly so there are no race conditions  Code can be easily parallelized  Results can be cached  Much easier to understand  As a disadvantage  data is copied a lot in order to get  quot modifications quot

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Imperative Languages    Efficient execution Complex semantics Complex syntax Concurrency is programmer designed Complex testing  has no referential transparency  has side effects Has state       Functional Languages    Simple semantics Simple syntax Less efficient execution Programs can automatically be made concurrent Simple testing  has referential transparency  has no side effects Has no state

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There seem to be many opinions about what functional programs and what imperative programs are  I think functional programs can most easily be described as  quot lazy evaluation quot  oriented  Instead of having a program counter iterate through instructions  the language by design takes a recursive approach  In a functional language  the evaluation of a function would start at the return statement and backtrack  until it eventually reaches a value  This has far reaching consequences with regards to the language syntax  Imperative  Shipping the computer around Below  I ve tried to illustrate it by using a post office analogy  The imperative language would be mailing the computer around to different algorithms  and then have the computer returned with a result  Functional  Shipping recipes around The functional language would be sending recipes around  and when you need a result - the computer would start processing the recipes  This way  you ensure that you don t waste too many CPU cycles doing work that is never used to calculate the result  When you call a function in a functional language  the return value is a recipe that is built up of recipes which in turn is built of recipes  These recipes are actually what s known as closures     helper function  to illustrate the point function unwrap val      while  typeof val      quot function quot   val   val      return val     function inc val      return function     unwrap val    1       function dec val      return function     unwrap val  - 1       function add val1  val2      return function     unwrap val1    unwrap val2          lets  quot calculate quot  something  let thirteen   inc inc inc 10    let twentyFive   dec add thirteen  thirteen       MAGIC  The computer still has not calculated anything      thirteen  is simply a recipe that will provide us with the value 13     lets compose a new function  let doubler   function val      return add val  val         more modern syntax  but it s the same  let alternativeDoubler    val    gt  add val  val      another function let doublerMinusOne    val    gt  dec add val  val        Will this be calculating anything   let twentyFive   doubler thirteen      no  nothing has been calculated  If we need the value  we have to unwrap it  console log unwrap thirteen       26  The unwrap function will evaluate all the functions to the point of having a scalar value  Language Design Consequences Some nice features in imperative languages  are impossible in functional languages  For example the value   expression  which in functional languages would be difficult to evaluate  Functional languages make constraints on how the syntax must be  because of the way they are evaluated  On the other hand  with imperative languages can borrow great ideas from functional languages and become hybrids  Functional languages have great difficulty with unary operators like for example    to increment a value  The reason for this difficulty is not obvious  unless you understand that functional languages are evaluated  quot in reverse quot   Implementing a unary operator would have to be implemented something like this  let value   10   function increment operator value      return function         unwrap value    1         value      would  quot under the hood quot  become value   increment operator value    Note that the unwrap function I used above  is because javascript is not a functional language  so when needed we have to manually unwrap the value  It is now apparent that applying increment a thousand times would cause us to wrap the value with 10000 closures  which is worthless  The more obvious approach  is to actually directly change the value in place - but voila  you have introduced modifiable values a k a mutable values which makes the language imperative - or actually a hybrid  Under the hood  it boils down to two different approaches to come up with an output when provided with an input  Below  I ll try to make an illustration of a city with the following items   The Computer Your Home The Fibonaccis  Imperative Languages Task  Calculate the 3rd fibonacci number  Steps   Put The Computer into a box and mark it with a sticky note      Field Value     Mail Address The Fibonaccis   Return Address Your Home   Parameters 3   Return Value undefined     and send off the computer   The Fibonaccis will upon receiving the box do as they always do   Is the parameter  lt  2   Yes  Change the sticky note  and return the computer to the post office      Field Value     Mail Address The Fibonaccis   Return Address Your Home   Parameters 3   Return Value 0 or 1  returning the parameter      and return to sender   Otherwise   Put a new sticky note on top of the old one      Field Value     Mail Address The Fibonaccis   Return Address Otherwise  step 2  c oThe Fibonaccis   Parameters 2  passing parameter-1    Return Value undefined     and send it   Take off the returned sticky note  Put a new sticky note on top of the initial one and send The Computer again      Field Value     Mail Address The Fibonaccis   Return Address Otherwise  done  c o The Fibonaccis   Parameters 2  passing parameter-2    Return Value undefined     By now  we should have the initial sticky note from the requester  and two used sticky notes  each having their Return Value field filled  We summarize the return values and put it in the Return Value field of the final sticky note      Field Value     Mail Address The Fibonaccis   Return Address Your Home   Parameters 3   Return Value 2  returnValue1   returnValue2      and return to sender          As you can imagine  quite a lot of work starts immediately after you send your computer off to the functions you call  The entire programming logic is recursive  but in truth the algorithm happens sequentially as the computer moves from algorithm to algorithm with the help of a stack of sticky notes  Functional Languages Task  Calculate the 3rd fibonacci number  Steps   Write the following down on a sticky note      Field Value     Instructions The Fibonaccis   Parameters 3      That s essentially it  That sticky note now represents the computation result of fib 3   We have attached the parameter 3 to the recipe named The Fibonaccis  The computer does not have to perform any calculations  unless somebody needs the scalar value  Functional Javascript Example I ve been working on designing a programming language named Charm  and this is how fibonacci would look in that language  fib   n    gt  if                              n  lt  2                  test   n                      when true   fib n-1    fib n-2     when false   print fib 4     This code can be compiled both into imperative and functional  quot bytecode quot   The imperative javascript version would be  let fib    n    gt     n  lt  2     n      fib n-1    fib n-2    The HALF functional javascript version would be  let fib    n    gt       gt    n  lt  2     n     fib n-1    fib n-2    The PURE functional javascript version would be much more involved  because javascript doesn t have functional equivalents  let unwrap         gt    typeof        quot function quot        unwrap        let  if     test   whenTrue   whenFalse    gt       gt    unwrap  test     whenTrue    whenFalse   let  lessThen    a  b    gt       gt    unwrap a   lt  unwrap b    let  add     value   amount    gt       gt    unwrap  value    unwrap  amount    let  sub     value   amount    gt       gt    unwrap  value  - unwrap  amount    let  fib     n    gt       gt     if       lessThen  n  2        n       add   fib   sub  n  1      fib   sub  n  2             I ll manually  quot compile quot  it into javascript code   quot use strict quot       Library of functions             Function that resolves the output of a function          let       val    gt        while  typeof val      quot function quot           val   val              return val                  Functional if           The   suffix is a convention I use to show that it is  quot functional quot       style  and I need to use      to  quot unwrap quot  the value when I need it          let if     test  whenTrue  otherwise    gt       gt         test    whenTrue   otherwise              Functional lt  less then          let lt     leftSide  rightSide      gt       gt          leftSide   lt     rightSide               Functional add             let add     leftSide  rightSide    gt       gt          leftSide       rightSide      My hand compiled Charm script              Functional fib compiled         let fib     n    gt  if                      fib   n    gt  if      lt  n  2                                  n  lt  2          gt  n                                   n          gt  add  fib  n-2   fib  n-1            fib n-1    fib n-2                                                    This takes a microsecond or so  because nothing is calculated console log fib  30        When you need the value  just unwrap it with     fib  30    console log      fib  5         The only problem that makes this not truly functional  is that console log fib  5      fib  5      is false  while it should be true    but that should be solveable  https   jsfiddle net 819Lgwtz 42

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Here is the difference   Imperative    Start Turn on your shoes size 9 1 2  Make room in your pocket to keep an array 7  of keys  Put the keys in the room for the keys in the pocket  Enter garage  Open garage  Enter Car        and so on and on        Put the milk in the refrigerator  Stop    Declarative  whereof functional is a subcategory    Milk is a healthy drink  unless you have problems digesting lactose  Usually  one stores milk in a refrigerator  A refrigerator is a box that keeps the things in it cool  A store is a place where items are sold  By  selling  we mean the exchange of things for money  Also  the exchange of money for things is called  buying         and so on and on       Make sure we have milk in the refrigerator  when we need it - for lazy functional languages     Summary  In imperative languages you tell the computer how to change bits  bytes and words in it s memory and in what order  In functional ones  we tell the computer what things  actions etc  are  For example  we say that the factorial of 0 is 1  and the factorial of every other natural number is the product of that number and the factorial of its predecessor  We don t say  To compute the factorial of n  reserve a memory region and store 1 there  then multiply the number in that memory region with the numbers 2 to n and store the result at the same place  and at the end  the memory region will contain the factorial

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Imperative programming style was practiced in web development from 2005 all the way to 2013   With imperative programming  we wrote out code that listed exactly what our application should do  step by step   The functional programming style produces abstraction through clever ways of combining functions   There is mention of declarative programming in the answers and regarding that I will say that declarative programming lists out some rules that we are to follow  We then provide what we refer to as some initial state to our application and we let those rules kind of define how the application behaves   Now  these quick descriptions probably don   t make a lot of sense  so lets walk through the differences between imperative and declarative programming by walking through an analogy   Imagine that we are not building software  but instead we bake pies for a living  Perhaps we are bad bakers and don   t know how to bake a delicious pie the way we should   So our boss gives us a list of directions  what we know as a recipe   The recipe will tell us how to make a pie  One recipe is written in an imperative style like so    Mix 1 cup of flour Add 1 egg Add 1 cup of sugar Pour the mixture into a pan Put the pan in the oven for 30 minutes and 350 degrees F    The declarative recipe would do the following   1 cup of flour  1 egg  1 cup of sugar - initial State  Rules   If everything mixed  place in pan  If everything unmixed  place in bowl  If everything in pan  place in oven    So imperative approaches are characterized by step by step approaches  You start with step one and go to step 2 and so on   You eventually end up with some end product  So making this pie  we take these ingredients mix them  put it in a pan and in the oven and you got your end product   In a declarative world  its different In the declarative recipe we would separate our recipe into two separate parts  start with one part that lists the initial state of the recipe  like the variables  So our variables here are the quantities of our ingredients and their type   We take the initial state or initial ingredients and apply some rules to them   So we take the initial state and pass them through these rules over and over again until we get a ready to eat rhubarb strawberry pie or whatever   So in a declarative approach  we have to know how to properly structure these rules   So the rules we might want to examine our ingredients or state  if mixed  put them in a pan   With our initial state  that doesn   t match because we haven   t yet mixed our ingredients   So rule 2 says  if they not mixed then mix them in a bowl  Okay yeah this rule applies   Now we have a bowl of mixed ingredients as our state   Now we apply that new state to our rules again   So rule 1 says if ingredients are mixed place them in a pan  okay yeah now rule 1 does apply  lets do it   Now we have this new state where the ingredients are mixed and in a pan  Rule 1 is no longer relevant  rule 2 does not apply   Rule 3 says if the ingredients are in a pan  place them in the oven  great that rule is what applies to this new state  lets do it   And we end up with a delicious hot apple pie or whatever   Now  if you are like me  you may be thinking  why are we not still doing imperative programming  This makes sense   Well  for simple flows yes  but most web applications have more complex flows that cannot be properly captured by imperative programming design   In a declarative approach  we may have some initial ingredients or initial state like textInput         a single variable   Maybe text input starts off as an empty string   We take this initial state and apply it to a set of rules  defined in your application    If a user enters text  update text input  Well  right now that doesn   t apply  If template is rendered  calculate the widget  If textInput is updated  re render the template    Well  none of this applies so the program will just wait around for an event to happen   So at some point a user updates the text input and then we might apply rule number 1   We may update that to    abcd     So we just updated our text and textInput updates  rule number 2 does not apply  rule number 3 says if text input is update  which just occurred  then re render the template and then we go back to rule 2 thats says if template is rendered  calculate the widget  okay lets calculate the widget   In general  as programmers  we want to strive for more declarative programming designs   Imperative seems more clear and obvious  but a declarative approach scales very nicely for larger applications

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Functional Programming is a form of declarative programming  which describe the logic of computation and the order of execution is completely de-emphasized   Problem  I want to change this creature from a horse to a giraffe    Lengthen neck Lengthen legs Apply spots Give the creature a black tongue Remove horse tail   Each item can be run in any order to produce the same result   Imperative Programming is procedural  State and order is important   Problem  I want to park my car    Note the initial state of the garage door Stop car in driveway If the garage door is closed  open garage door  remember new state  otherwise continue Pull car into garage Close garage door   Each step must be done in order to arrive at desired result  Pulling into the garage while the garage door is closed would result in a broken garage door

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Definition  An imperative language uses a sequence of statements to determine how to reach a certain goal  These statements are said to change the state of the program as each one is executed in turn   Examples  Java is an imperative language  For example  a program can be created to add a series of numbers    int total   0   int number1   5   int number2   10   int number3   15   total   number1   number2   number3     Each statement changes the state of the program  from assigning values to each variable to the final addition of those values  Using a sequence of five statements the program is explicitly told how to add the numbers 5  10 and 15 together   Functional languages  The functional programming paradigm was explicitly created to support a pure functional approach to problem solving  Functional programming is a form of declarative programming   Advantages of Pure Functions  The primary reason to implement functional transformations as pure functions is that pure functions are composable  that is  self-contained and stateless  These characteristics bring a number of benefits  including the following  Increased readability and maintainability  This is because each function is designed to accomplish a specific task given its arguments  The function does not rely on any external state   Easier reiterative development  Because the code is easier to refactor  changes to design are often easier to implement  For example  suppose you write a complicated transformation  and then realize that some code is repeated several times in the transformation  If you refactor through a pure method  you can call your pure method at will without worrying about side effects    Easier testing and debugging  Because pure functions can more easily be tested in isolation  you can write test code that calls the pure function with typical values  valid edge cases  and invalid edge cases   For OOP People or  Imperative  languages   Object-oriented languages are good when you have a fixed set of operations on things and as your code evolves  you primarily add new things  This can be accomplished by adding new classes which implement existing methods and the existing classes are left alone   Functional languages are good when you have a fixed set of things and as your code evolves  you primarily add new operations on existing things  This can be accomplished by adding new functions which compute with existing data types and the existing functions are left alone   Cons   It depends on the user requirements to choose the way of programming  so there is harm only when users don   t choose the proper way   When evolution goes the wrong way  you have problems    Adding a new operation to an object-oriented program may require editing many class definitions to add a new method  Adding a new kind of thing to a functional program may require editing many function definitions to add a new case

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I think it s possible to express functional programming in an imperative fashion    Using a lot of state check of objects and if    else  switch statements   Some timeout  wait mechanism to take care of asynchornousness     There are huge problems with such approach    Rules  procedures are repeated Statefulness leaves chances for side-effects  mistakes   Functional programming  treating functions  methods like objects and embracing statelessness  was born to solve those problems I believe   Example of usages  frontend applications like Android  iOS or web apps  logics incl  communication with backend   Other challenges when simulating functional programming with imperative  procedural code    Race condition Complex combination and sequence of events  For example  user tries to send money in a banking app  Step 1  Do all of the following in parallel  only proceed if all is good a  Check if user is still good  fraud  AML  b  check if user has enough balance c  Check if recipient is valid and good  fraud  AML  etc  Step 2  perform the transfer operation Step 3  Show update on user s balance and  or some kind of tracking  With RxJava for example  the code is concise and sensible  Without it  I can imagine there d be a lot of code  messy and error prone code   I also believe that at the end of the day  functional code will get translated into assembly or machine code which is imperative  procedural by the compilers  However  unless you write assembly  as humans writing code with high level  human-readable language  functional programming is the more appropriate way of expression for the listed scenarios

[oop] What is difference between functional and imperative programming languages?

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