Another method in one line (substitute your actual path/ports if needed).
Example: Assume a generic registry:2.0 start up, the running registry container has a log file that holds images and tag names. I extrapolate the data like this:
grep -r -o "vars\.name=.* vars.reference=.*" /var/lib/docker/containers/* | cut -c 167-225 | sed 's/ver.*$//' | sed 's/vars\.name=//' | sed 's/ vars\.reference=/:/' | sort -u
You may need to tweak the cut values to get the output desired.