The folder containing your Anaconda installation contains a subfolder called conda-meta with json files for all installed packages, including one for Anaconda itself. Look for anaconda-<version>-<build>.json.
My file is called anaconda-5.0.1-py27hdb50712_1.json, and at the bottom is more info about the version:
"installed_by": "Anaconda2-5.0.1-Windows-x86_64.exe",
"link": { "source": "C:\\ProgramData\\Anaconda2\\pkgs\\anaconda-5.0.1-py27hdb50712_1" },
"name": "anaconda",
"platform": "win",
"subdir": "win-64",
"url": "https://repo.continuum.io/pkgs/main/win-64/anaconda-5.0.1-py27hdb50712_1.tar.bz2",
"version": "5.0.1"
(Slightly edited for brevity.)
The output from conda -V is the conda version.