How do you get the logical xor of two variables in Python

Question

How do you get the logical xor of two variables in Python   For example  I have two variables that I expect to be strings  I want to test that only one of them contains a True value  is not None or the empty string    str1   raw input  Enter string one    str2   raw input  Enter string two    if logical xor str1  str2       print  ok  else      print  bad    The   operator seems to be bitwise  and not defined on all objects    gt  gt  gt  1   1 0  gt  gt  gt  2   1 3  gt  gt  gt   abc       Traceback  most recent call last     File   lt stdin gt    line 1  in  lt module gt  TypeError  unsupported operand type s  for     str  and  str

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As I don t see the simple variant of xor using variable arguments and only operation on Truth values True or False  I ll just throw it here for anyone to use  It s as noted by others  pretty  not to say very  straightforward  def xor  vars       result   False     for v in vars          result   result   bool v      return result  And usage is straightforward as well  if xor False  False  True  False       print  quot Hello World  quot   As this is the generalized n-ary logical XOR  it s truth value will be True whenever the number of True operands is odd  and not only when exactly one is True  this is just one case in which n-ary XOR is True   Thus if you are in search of a n-ary predicate that is only True when exactly one of it s operands is  you might want to use  def isOne  vars       result   False     for v in vars          if result and v              return False         else              result   result or v     return result

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Simple  easy to understand  sum bool a   bool b      1  If an exclusive choice is what you re after  i e  to select 1 choice out of n  it can be expanded to multiple arguments  sum bool x  for x in y     1

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If you re already normalizing the inputs to booleans  then    is xor   bool a     bool b

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You can always use the definition of xor to compute it from other logical operations    a and not b  or  not a and b    But this is a little too verbose for me  and isn t particularly clear at first glance  Another way to do it is   bool a    bool b    The xor operator on two booleans is logical xor  unlike on ints  where it s bitwise   Which makes sense  since bool is just a subclass of int  but is implemented to only have the values 0 and 1  And logical xor is equivalent to bitwise xor when the domain is restricted to 0 and 1   So the logical xor function would be implemented like   def logical xor str1  str2       return bool str1    bool str2    Credit to Nick Coghlan on the Python-3000 mailing list

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As Zach explained  you can use   xor   bool a    bool b    Personally  I favor a slightly different dialect   xor   bool a    bool b     1   This dialect is inspired from a logical diagramming language I learned in school where  OR  was denoted by a box containing  1  greater than or equal to 1  and  XOR  was denoted by a box containing  1   This has the advantage of correctly implementing exclusive or on multiple operands     1   a   b   c     means the number of true operands is odd  This operator is  parity    1   a   b   c     means exactly one operand is true  This is  exclusive or   meaning  one to the exclusion of the others

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The way that Python handles logic operations can be confusing  so my implementation gives the user the option  by default  of a simple True False answer   The actual Python result can be obtained by setting the optional third arg to None  def xor a  b  true True  false False     set true to None to get actual Python result     ab1   a and not b     ab2   not a and b     if bool ab1     bool ab2           return  ab1 or ab2  if true is None else true     else          return false

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Sometimes I find myself working with 1 and 0 instead of boolean True and False values   In this case xor can be defined as   z    x   y    2   which has the following truth table        x     0 1    - - -    0 0 1  y - - -    1 1 0    - - -

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To get the logical xor of two or more variables in Python    Convert inputs to booleans Use the bitwise xor operator    or operator xor    For example   bool a    bool b    When you convert the inputs to booleans  bitwise xor becomes logical xor   Note that the accepted answer is wrong     is not the same as xor in Python because of the subtlety of operator chaining   For instance  the xor of the three values below is wrong when using      True    False    False    True  as expected of XOR True    False    False    False  Equivalent to   True    False  and  False    False      P S  I tried editing the accepted answer to include this warning  but my change was rejected

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If you re already normalizing the inputs to booleans  then    is xor   bool a     bool b

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XOR is implemented in operator xor

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I know this is late  but I had a thought and it might be worth  just for documentation  Perhaps this would work np abs x-y  The idea is that    if x True 1 and y False 0 then the result would be  1-0  1 True if x False 0 and y False 0 then the result would be  0-0  0 False if x True 1 and y True 1 then the result would be  1-1  0 False if x False 0 and y True 1 then the result would be  0-1  1 True

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Simple  easy to understand  sum bool a   bool b      1  If an exclusive choice is what you re after  i e  to select 1 choice out of n  it can be expanded to multiple arguments  sum bool x  for x in y     1

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Exclusive Or is defined as follows  def xor  a  b        return  a or b  and not  a and b

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I know this is late  but I had a thought and it might be worth  just for documentation  Perhaps this would work np abs x-y  The idea is that    if x True 1 and y False 0 then the result would be  1-0  1 True if x False 0 and y False 0 then the result would be  0-0  0 False if x True 1 and y True 1 then the result would be  1-1  0 False if x False 0 and y True 1 then the result would be  0-1  1 True

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Exclusive Or is defined as follows  def xor  a  b        return  a or b  and not  a and b

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How about this    not b and a  or  not a and b    will give a if b is false will give b if a is false will give False otherwise  Or with the Python 2 5  ternary expression    False if a else b  if b else a

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As Zach explained  you can use   xor   bool a    bool b    Personally  I favor a slightly different dialect   xor   bool a    bool b     1   This dialect is inspired from a logical diagramming language I learned in school where  OR  was denoted by a box containing  1  greater than or equal to 1  and  XOR  was denoted by a box containing  1   This has the advantage of correctly implementing exclusive or on multiple operands     1   a   b   c     means the number of true operands is odd  This operator is  parity    1   a   b   c     means exactly one operand is true  This is  exclusive or   meaning  one to the exclusion of the others

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As Zach explained  you can use   xor   bool a    bool b    Personally  I favor a slightly different dialect   xor   bool a    bool b     1   This dialect is inspired from a logical diagramming language I learned in school where  OR  was denoted by a box containing  1  greater than or equal to 1  and  XOR  was denoted by a box containing  1   This has the advantage of correctly implementing exclusive or on multiple operands     1   a   b   c     means the number of true operands is odd  This operator is  parity    1   a   b   c     means exactly one operand is true  This is  exclusive or   meaning  one to the exclusion of the others

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You can always use the definition of xor to compute it from other logical operations    a and not b  or  not a and b    But this is a little too verbose for me  and isn t particularly clear at first glance  Another way to do it is   bool a    bool b    The xor operator on two booleans is logical xor  unlike on ints  where it s bitwise   Which makes sense  since bool is just a subclass of int  but is implemented to only have the values 0 and 1  And logical xor is equivalent to bitwise xor when the domain is restricted to 0 and 1   So the logical xor function would be implemented like   def logical xor str1  str2       return bool str1    bool str2    Credit to Nick Coghlan on the Python-3000 mailing list

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This is how I would code up any truth table  For xor in particular we have     a   b    xor                    --- ---- ------- -------------    T   T    F                       T   F    T       a and not b     F   T    T       not a and b     F   F    F                       Just look at the T values in the answer column and string together all true cases with logical or  So  this truth table may be produced in case 2 or 3  Hence    xor   lambda a  b   a and not b  or  not a and b

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Bitwise exclusive-or is already built-in to Python  in the operator module  which is identical to the   operator    from operator import xor xor bool a   bool b      Note  converting to bools is essential

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We can easily find xor of two variables by the using   def xor a b       return a   b   Example                  xor True False         True

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If you re already normalizing the inputs to booleans  then    is xor   bool a     bool b

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Bitwise exclusive-or is already built-in to Python  in the operator module  which is identical to the   operator    from operator import xor xor bool a   bool b      Note  converting to bools is essential

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Exclusive Or is defined as follows  def xor  a  b        return  a or b  and not  a and b

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You can always use the definition of xor to compute it from other logical operations    a and not b  or  not a and b    But this is a little too verbose for me  and isn t particularly clear at first glance  Another way to do it is   bool a    bool b    The xor operator on two booleans is logical xor  unlike on ints  where it s bitwise   Which makes sense  since bool is just a subclass of int  but is implemented to only have the values 0 and 1  And logical xor is equivalent to bitwise xor when the domain is restricted to 0 and 1   So the logical xor function would be implemented like   def logical xor str1  str2       return bool str1    bool str2    Credit to Nick Coghlan on the Python-3000 mailing list

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Python logical or  A or B  returns A if bool A  is True  otherwise returns B Python logical and  A and B  returns A if bool A  is False  otherwise returns B   To keep most of that way of thinking  my logical xor definintion would be   def logical xor a  b       if bool a     bool b           return False     else          return a or b   That way it can return a  b  or False    gt  gt  gt  logical xor  this    that   False  gt  gt  gt  logical xor         False  gt  gt  gt  logical xor  this        this   gt  gt  gt  logical xor      that    that

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The way that Python handles logic operations can be confusing  so my implementation gives the user the option  by default  of a simple True False answer   The actual Python result can be obtained by setting the optional third arg to None  def xor a  b  true True  false False     set true to None to get actual Python result     ab1   a and not b     ab2   not a and b     if bool ab1     bool ab2           return  ab1 or ab2  if true is None else true     else          return false

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We can easily find xor of two variables by the using   def xor a b       return a   b   Example                  xor True False         True

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Xor is   in Python  It returns     A bitwise xor for ints Logical xor for bools An exclusive union for sets User-defined results for classes that implements   xor    TypeError for undefined types  such as strings or dictionaries    If you intend to use them on strings anyway  casting them in bool makes your operation unambiguous  you could also mean set str1    set str2

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You can always use the definition of xor to compute it from other logical operations    a and not b  or  not a and b    But this is a little too verbose for me  and isn t particularly clear at first glance  Another way to do it is   bool a    bool b    The xor operator on two booleans is logical xor  unlike on ints  where it s bitwise   Which makes sense  since bool is just a subclass of int  but is implemented to only have the values 0 and 1  And logical xor is equivalent to bitwise xor when the domain is restricted to 0 and 1   So the logical xor function would be implemented like   def logical xor str1  str2       return bool str1    bool str2    Credit to Nick Coghlan on the Python-3000 mailing list

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Xor is   in Python  It returns     A bitwise xor for ints Logical xor for bools An exclusive union for sets User-defined results for classes that implements   xor    TypeError for undefined types  such as strings or dictionaries    If you intend to use them on strings anyway  casting them in bool makes your operation unambiguous  you could also mean set str1    set str2

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Many folks  including myself  need an xor function that behaves like an n-input xor circuit  where n is variable    See https   en wikipedia org wiki XOR gate    The following simple function implements this   def xor  args             This function accepts an arbitrary number of input arguments  returning True    if and only if bool   evaluates to True for an odd number of the input arguments             return bool sum map bool args     2    Sample I O follows   In  1   xor False  True  Out 1   True  In  2   xor True  True  Out 2   False  In  3   xor True  True  True  Out 3   True

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It s easy when you know what XOR does   def logical xor a  b       return  a and not b  or  not a and b   test data        False  False      False  True      True  False      True  True      for a  b in test data      print   r xor  s    r     a  b  logical xor a  b

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Python has a bitwise exclusive-OR operator  it s      gt  gt  gt  True   False True  gt  gt  gt  True   True False  gt  gt  gt  False   True True  gt  gt  gt  False   False False   You can use it by converting the inputs to booleans before applying xor       bool a    bool b     Edited - thanks Arel

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How about this    not b and a  or  not a and b    will give a if b is false will give b if a is false will give False otherwise  Or with the Python 2 5  ternary expression    False if a else b  if b else a

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Some of the implementations suggested here will cause repeated evaluation of the operands  in some cases  which may lead to unintended side effects and therefore must be avoided   That said  a xor implementation that returns either True or False is fairly simple  one that returns one of the operands  if possible  is much trickier  because no consensus exists as to which operand should be the chosen one  especially when there are more than two operands  For instance  should xor None  -1      True  return None     or False  I bet each answer appears to some people as the most intuitive one   For either the True- or the False-result  there are as many as five possible choices  return first operand  if it matches end result in value  else boolean   return first match  if at least one exists  else boolean   return last operand  if     else       return last match  if     else       or always return boolean  Altogether  that s 5    2   25 flavors of xor   def xor  operands  falsechoice   -2  truechoice   -2        A single-evaluation  multi-operand  full-choice xor implementation   falsechoice  truechoice  0   always bool    -1   first last operand    -2   first last match      if not operands      raise TypeError  at least one operand expected     choices    falsechoice  truechoice    matches        result   False   first   True   value   choice   None     avoid using index or slice since operands may be an infinite iterator   for operand in operands        evaluate each operand once only so as to avoid unintended side effects     value   bool operand        the actual xor operation     result    value       choice for the current operand  which may or may not match end result     choice   choices value        if choice is last match        or last operand and the current operand  in case it is last  matches result        or first operand and the current operand is indeed first        or first match and there hasn t been a match so far     if choice  lt  -1 or  choice    -1 and value    result  or  choice    1 and first  or  choice  gt  1 and value not in matches           store the current operand       matches value    operand       next operand will no longer be first     first   False     if choice for result is last operand  but they mismatch   if  choices result     -1  and  result    value       return result   else        return the stored matching operand  if existing  else result as bool     return matches get result  result   testcases        -1  None  True   None  None        a       None  -1   None  None    a           None  -1  True   None  None    a           -1  None   None  None        a    choices    -2   last match   -1   last operand   0   always bool   1   first operand   2   first match   for c in testcases    print c    for f in sorted choices keys         for t in sorted choices keys           x   xor  c  falsechoice   f  truechoice   t        print  f   d   s  tt   d   s  tx   s     f  choices f   t  choices t   x     print

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This gets the logical exclusive XOR for two  or more  variables  str1   raw input  Enter string one    str2   raw input  Enter string two     any  str1  str2   and not all  str1  str2     The first problem with this setup is that it most likely traverses the whole list twice and  at a minimum  will check at least one of the elements twice   So it may increase code comprehension  but it doesn t lend to speed  which may differ negligibly depending on your use case       The second problem with this setup is that it checks for exclusivity regardless of the number of variables   This is may at first be regarded as a feature  but the first problem becomes a lot more significant as the number of variables increases  if they ever do

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Python has a bitwise exclusive-OR operator  it s      gt  gt  gt  True   False True  gt  gt  gt  True   True False  gt  gt  gt  False   True True  gt  gt  gt  False   False False   You can use it by converting the inputs to booleans before applying xor       bool a    bool b     Edited - thanks Arel

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I ve tested several approaches and not a     not b  appeared to be the fastest   Here are some tests   timeit not a     not b  10000000 loops  best of 3  78 5 ns per loop   timeit bool a     bool b  1000000 loops  best of 3  343 ns per loop   timeit not a    not b  10000000 loops  best of 3  131 ns per loop   Edit  Examples 1 and 3 above are missing parenthes so result is incorrect  New results   truth   function as ShadowRanger suggested    timeit   not a      not b      47 ns  timeit   not a      not b      44 7 ns  timeit truth a     truth b     116 ns  timeit  bool a     bool b      190 ns

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def xor  args       return sum bool arg  for arg in args  2  if you want only one true  def onlyOne  args       return sum bool arg  for arg in args   1

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I ve tested several approaches and not a     not b  appeared to be the fastest   Here are some tests   timeit not a     not b  10000000 loops  best of 3  78 5 ns per loop   timeit bool a     bool b  1000000 loops  best of 3  343 ns per loop   timeit not a    not b  10000000 loops  best of 3  131 ns per loop   Edit  Examples 1 and 3 above are missing parenthes so result is incorrect  New results   truth   function as ShadowRanger suggested    timeit   not a      not b      47 ns  timeit   not a      not b      44 7 ns  timeit truth a     truth b     116 ns  timeit  bool a     bool b      190 ns

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To get the logical xor of two or more variables in Python    Convert inputs to booleans Use the bitwise xor operator    or operator xor    For example   bool a    bool b    When you convert the inputs to booleans  bitwise xor becomes logical xor   Note that the accepted answer is wrong     is not the same as xor in Python because of the subtlety of operator chaining   For instance  the xor of the three values below is wrong when using      True    False    False    True  as expected of XOR True    False    False    False  Equivalent to   True    False  and  False    False      P S  I tried editing the accepted answer to include this warning  but my change was rejected

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Exclusive Or is defined as follows  def xor  a  b        return  a or b  and not  a and b

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This gets the logical exclusive XOR for two  or more  variables  str1   raw input  Enter string one    str2   raw input  Enter string two     any  str1  str2   and not all  str1  str2     The first problem with this setup is that it most likely traverses the whole list twice and  at a minimum  will check at least one of the elements twice   So it may increase code comprehension  but it doesn t lend to speed  which may differ negligibly depending on your use case       The second problem with this setup is that it checks for exclusivity regardless of the number of variables   This is may at first be regarded as a feature  but the first problem becomes a lot more significant as the number of variables increases  if they ever do

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It s easy when you know what XOR does   def logical xor a  b       return  a and not b  or  not a and b   test data        False  False      False  True      True  False      True  True      for a  b in test data      print   r xor  s    r     a  b  logical xor a  b

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How about this    not b and a  or  not a and b    will give a if b is false will give b if a is false will give False otherwise  Or with the Python 2 5  ternary expression    False if a else b  if b else a

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Python logical or  A or B  returns A if bool A  is True  otherwise returns B Python logical and  A and B  returns A if bool A  is False  otherwise returns B   To keep most of that way of thinking  my logical xor definintion would be   def logical xor a  b       if bool a     bool b           return False     else          return a or b   That way it can return a  b  or False    gt  gt  gt  logical xor  this    that   False  gt  gt  gt  logical xor         False  gt  gt  gt  logical xor  this        this   gt  gt  gt  logical xor      that    that

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Sometimes I find myself working with 1 and 0 instead of boolean True and False values   In this case xor can be defined as   z    x   y    2   which has the following truth table        x     0 1    - - -    0 0 1  y - - -    1 1 0    - - -

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Rewarding thread   Anoder idea    Just you try the  may be  pythonic expression   is not   in order to get behavior of logical   xor    The truth table would be    gt  gt  gt  True is not True False  gt  gt  gt  True is not False True  gt  gt  gt  False is not True True  gt  gt  gt  False is not False False  gt  gt  gt    And for your example string    gt  gt  gt   abc  is not     True  gt  gt  gt   abc  is not  abc   False  gt  gt  gt   abc  is not     True  gt  gt  gt     is not  abc   True  gt  gt  gt     is not     False  gt  gt  gt     However  as they indicated above  it depends of the actual behavior you want to pull out about any couple strings  because strings aren t boleans    and even more  if you   Dive Into Python   you will find   The Peculiar Nature of  and  and  or    http   www diveintopython net power of introspection and or html  Sorry my writed English  it s not my born language   Regards

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Python logical or  A or B  returns A if bool A  is True  otherwise returns B Python logical and  A and B  returns A if bool A  is False  otherwise returns B   To keep most of that way of thinking  my logical xor definintion would be   def logical xor a  b       if bool a     bool b           return False     else          return a or b   That way it can return a  b  or False    gt  gt  gt  logical xor  this    that   False  gt  gt  gt  logical xor         False  gt  gt  gt  logical xor  this        this   gt  gt  gt  logical xor      that    that

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As Zach explained  you can use   xor   bool a    bool b    Personally  I favor a slightly different dialect   xor   bool a    bool b     1   This dialect is inspired from a logical diagramming language I learned in school where  OR  was denoted by a box containing  1  greater than or equal to 1  and  XOR  was denoted by a box containing  1   This has the advantage of correctly implementing exclusive or on multiple operands     1   a   b   c     means the number of true operands is odd  This operator is  parity    1   a   b   c     means exactly one operand is true  This is  exclusive or   meaning  one to the exclusion of the others

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If you re already normalizing the inputs to booleans  then    is xor   bool a     bool b

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Many folks  including myself  need an xor function that behaves like an n-input xor circuit  where n is variable    See https   en wikipedia org wiki XOR gate    The following simple function implements this   def xor  args             This function accepts an arbitrary number of input arguments  returning True    if and only if bool   evaluates to True for an odd number of the input arguments             return bool sum map bool args     2    Sample I O follows   In  1   xor False  True  Out 1   True  In  2   xor True  True  Out 2   False  In  3   xor True  True  True  Out 3   True

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This is how I would code up any truth table  For xor in particular we have     a   b    xor                    --- ---- ------- -------------    T   T    F                       T   F    T       a and not b     F   T    T       not a and b     F   F    F                       Just look at the T values in the answer column and string together all true cases with logical or  So  this truth table may be produced in case 2 or 3  Hence    xor   lambda a  b   a and not b  or  not a and b

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As I don t see the simple variant of xor using variable arguments and only operation on Truth values True or False  I ll just throw it here for anyone to use  It s as noted by others  pretty  not to say very  straightforward  def xor  vars       result   False     for v in vars          result   result   bool v      return result  And usage is straightforward as well  if xor False  False  True  False       print  quot Hello World  quot   As this is the generalized n-ary logical XOR  it s truth value will be True whenever the number of True operands is odd  and not only when exactly one is True  this is just one case in which n-ary XOR is True   Thus if you are in search of a n-ary predicate that is only True when exactly one of it s operands is  you might want to use  def isOne  vars       result   False     for v in vars          if result and v              return False         else              result   result or v     return result

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How about this    not b and a  or  not a and b    will give a if b is false will give b if a is false will give False otherwise  Or with the Python 2 5  ternary expression    False if a else b  if b else a

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XOR is implemented in operator xor

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def xor  args       return sum bool arg  for arg in args  2  if you want only one true  def onlyOne  args       return sum bool arg  for arg in args   1

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Some of the implementations suggested here will cause repeated evaluation of the operands  in some cases  which may lead to unintended side effects and therefore must be avoided   That said  a xor implementation that returns either True or False is fairly simple  one that returns one of the operands  if possible  is much trickier  because no consensus exists as to which operand should be the chosen one  especially when there are more than two operands  For instance  should xor None  -1      True  return None     or False  I bet each answer appears to some people as the most intuitive one   For either the True- or the False-result  there are as many as five possible choices  return first operand  if it matches end result in value  else boolean   return first match  if at least one exists  else boolean   return last operand  if     else       return last match  if     else       or always return boolean  Altogether  that s 5    2   25 flavors of xor   def xor  operands  falsechoice   -2  truechoice   -2        A single-evaluation  multi-operand  full-choice xor implementation   falsechoice  truechoice  0   always bool    -1   first last operand    -2   first last match      if not operands      raise TypeError  at least one operand expected     choices    falsechoice  truechoice    matches        result   False   first   True   value   choice   None     avoid using index or slice since operands may be an infinite iterator   for operand in operands        evaluate each operand once only so as to avoid unintended side effects     value   bool operand        the actual xor operation     result    value       choice for the current operand  which may or may not match end result     choice   choices value        if choice is last match        or last operand and the current operand  in case it is last  matches result        or first operand and the current operand is indeed first        or first match and there hasn t been a match so far     if choice  lt  -1 or  choice    -1 and value    result  or  choice    1 and first  or  choice  gt  1 and value not in matches           store the current operand       matches value    operand       next operand will no longer be first     first   False     if choice for result is last operand  but they mismatch   if  choices result     -1  and  result    value       return result   else        return the stored matching operand  if existing  else result as bool     return matches get result  result   testcases        -1  None  True   None  None        a       None  -1   None  None    a           None  -1  True   None  None    a           -1  None   None  None        a    choices    -2   last match   -1   last operand   0   always bool   1   first operand   2   first match   for c in testcases    print c    for f in sorted choices keys         for t in sorted choices keys           x   xor  c  falsechoice   f  truechoice   t        print  f   d   s  tt   d   s  tx   s     f  choices f   t  choices t   x     print

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Python logical or  A or B  returns A if bool A  is True  otherwise returns B Python logical and  A and B  returns A if bool A  is False  otherwise returns B   To keep most of that way of thinking  my logical xor definintion would be   def logical xor a  b       if bool a     bool b           return False     else          return a or b   That way it can return a  b  or False    gt  gt  gt  logical xor  this    that   False  gt  gt  gt  logical xor         False  gt  gt  gt  logical xor  this        this   gt  gt  gt  logical xor      that    that

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Rewarding thread   Anoder idea    Just you try the  may be  pythonic expression   is not   in order to get behavior of logical   xor    The truth table would be    gt  gt  gt  True is not True False  gt  gt  gt  True is not False True  gt  gt  gt  False is not True True  gt  gt  gt  False is not False False  gt  gt  gt    And for your example string    gt  gt  gt   abc  is not     True  gt  gt  gt   abc  is not  abc   False  gt  gt  gt   abc  is not     True  gt  gt  gt     is not  abc   True  gt  gt  gt     is not     False  gt  gt  gt     However  as they indicated above  it depends of the actual behavior you want to pull out about any couple strings  because strings aren t boleans    and even more  if you   Dive Into Python   you will find   The Peculiar Nature of  and  and  or    http   www diveintopython net power of introspection and or html  Sorry my writed English  it s not my born language   Regards

[python] How do you get the logical xor of two variables in Python?

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