JPA EntityManager Why use persist over merge

Question

EntityManager merge   can insert new objects and update existing ones   Why would one want to use persist    which can only create new objects

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If you re using the assigned generator  using merge instead of persist can cause a redundant SQL statement  therefore affecting performance  Also  calling merge for managed entities is also a mistake since managed entities are automatically managed by Hibernate  and their state is synchronized with the database record by the dirty checking mechanism upon flushing the Persistence Context  To understand how all this works  you should first know that Hibernate shifts the developer mindset from SQL statements to entity state transitions  Once an entity is actively managed by Hibernate  all changes are going to be automatically propagated to the database  Hibernate monitors currently attached entities  But for an entity to become managed  it must be in the right entity state  To understand the JPA state transitions better  you can visualize the following diagram   Or if you use the Hibernate specific API   As illustrated by the above diagrams  an entity can be in one of the following four states   New  Transient   A newly created object that hasn   t ever been associated with a Hibernate Session  a k a Persistence Context  and is not mapped to any database table row is considered to be in the New  Transient  state  To become persisted we need to either explicitly call the EntityManager persist method or make use of the transitive persistence mechanism   Persistent  Managed  A persistent entity has been associated with a database table row and it   s being managed by the currently running Persistence Context  Any change made to such an entity is going to be detected and propagated to the database  during the Session flush-time   With Hibernate  we no longer have to execute INSERT UPDATE DELETE statements  Hibernate employs a transactional write-behind working style and changes are synchronized at the very last responsible moment  during the current Session flush-time   Detached   Once the currently running Persistence Context is closed all the previously managed entities become detached  Successive changes will no longer be tracked and no automatic database synchronization is going to happen  To associate a detached entity to an active Hibernate Session  you can choose one of the following options   Reattaching Hibernate  but not JPA 2 1  supports reattaching through the Session update method  A Hibernate Session can only associate one Entity object for a given database row  This is because the Persistence Context acts as an in-memory cache  first level cache  and only one value  entity  is associated with a given key  entity type and database identifier   An entity can be reattached only if there is no other JVM object  matching the same database row  already associated with the current Hibernate Session   Merging The merge is going to copy the detached entity state  source  to a managed entity instance  destination   If the merging entity has no equivalent in the current Session  one will be fetched from the database  The detached object instance will continue to remain detached even after the merge operation   Remove Although JPA demands that managed entities only are allowed to be removed  Hibernate can also delete detached entities  but only through a Session delete method call   A removed entity is only scheduled for deletion and the actual database DELETE statement will be executed during Session flush-time

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Some more details about merge which will help you to use merge over persist      Returning a managed instance other than the original entity is a critical part of the merge   process  If an entity instance with the same identifier already exists in the persistence context  the   provider will overwrite its state with the state of the entity that is being merged  but the managed   version that existed already must be returned to the client so that it can be used  If the provider did not   update the Employee instance in the persistence context  any references to that instance will become   inconsistent with the new state being merged in       When merge   is invoked on a new entity  it behaves similarly to the persist   operation  It adds   the entity to the persistence context  but instead of adding the original entity instance  it creates a new   copy and manages that instance instead  The copy that is created by the merge   operation is persisted   as if the persist   method were invoked on it       In the presence of relationships  the merge   operation will attempt to update the managed entity   to point to managed versions of the entities referenced by the detached entity  If the entity has a   relationship to an object that has no persistent identity  the outcome of the merge operation is   undefined  Some providers might allow the managed copy to point to the non-persistent object    whereas others might throw an exception immediately  The merge   operation can be optionally   cascaded in these cases to prevent an exception from occurring  We will cover cascading of the merge     operation later in this section  If an entity being merged points to a removed entity  an   IllegalArgumentException exception will be thrown       Lazy-loading relationships are a special case in the merge operation  If a lazy-loading   relationship was not triggered on an entity before it became detached  that relationship will be   ignored when the entity is merged  If the relationship was triggered while managed and then set to null while the entity was detached  the managed version of the entity will likewise have the relationship cleared during the merge     All of the above information was taken from  Pro JPA 2 Mastering the Java    Persistence API  by Mike Keith and Merrick Schnicariol  Chapter 6  Section detachment and merging  This book is actually a second book devoted to JPA by authors  This new book has many new information then former one  I really recommed to read this book for ones who will be seriously involved with JPA  I am sorry for anonimously posting my first answer

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Another observation   merge   will only care about an auto-generated id tested on IDENTITY and SEQUENCE  when a record with such an id already exists in your table  In that case merge   will try to update the record  If  however  an id is absent or is not matching any existing records  merge   will completely ignore it and ask a db to allocate a new one  This is sometimes a source of a lot of bugs  Do not use merge   to force an id for a new record   persist   on the other hand will never let you even pass an id to it  It will fail immediately  In my case  it s      Caused by  org hibernate PersistentObjectException  detached entity   passed to persist   hibernate-jpa javadoc has a hint      Throws  javax persistence EntityExistsException - if the entity   already exists   If the entity already exists  the   EntityExistsException may be thrown when the persist operation is   invoked  or the EntityExistsException or another PersistenceException   may be thrown at flush or commit time

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I noticed that when I used em merge  I got a SELECT statement for every INSERT  even when there was no field that JPA was generating for me--the primary key field was a UUID that I set myself   I switched to em persist myEntityObject  and got just INSERT statements then

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Either way will add an entity to a PersistenceContext  the difference is in what you do with the entity afterwards  Persist takes an entity instance  adds it to the context and makes that instance managed  ie future updates to the entity will be tracked   Merge returns the managed instance that the state was merged to  It does return something what exists in PersistenceContext or creates a new instance of your entity  In any case  it will copy the state from the supplied entity  and return managed copy  The instance you pass in will not be managed  any changes you make will not be part of the transaction - unless you call merge again   Though you can use the returned instance  managed one   Maybe a code example will help  MyEntity e   new MyEntity        scenario 1    tran starts em persist e    e setSomeField someValue       tran ends  and the row for someField is updated in the database     scenario 2    tran starts e   new MyEntity    em merge e   e setSomeField anotherValue       tran ends but the row for someField is not updated in the database     you made the changes  after  merging            scenario 3    tran starts e   new MyEntity    MyEntity e2   em merge e   e2 setSomeField anotherValue       tran ends and the row for someField is updated     the changes were made to e2  not e   Scenario 1 and 3 are roughly equivalent  but there are some situations where you d want to use Scenario 2

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Going through the answers there are some details missing regarding  Cascade  and id generation  See question  Also  it is worth mentioning that you can have separate Cascade annotations for merging and persisting  Cascade MERGE and Cascade PERSIST which will be treated according to the used method   The spec is your friend

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JPA is indisputably a great simplification in the domain of enterprise   applications built on the Java platform  As a developer who had to   cope up with the intricacies of the old entity beans in J2EE I see the   inclusion of JPA among the Java EE specifications as a big leap   forward  However  while delving deeper into the JPA details I find   things that are not so easy  In this article I deal with comparison of   the EntityManager   s merge and persist methods whose overlapping   behavior may cause confusion not only to a newbie  Furthermore I   propose a generalization that sees both methods as special cases of a   more general method combine    Persisting entities  In contrast to the merge method the persist method is pretty straightforward and intuitive  The most common scenario of the persist method s usage can be summed up as follows    A newly created instance of the entity class is passed to the persist method  After this method returns  the entity is managed and planned for insertion into the database  It may happen at or before the transaction commits or when the flush method is called  If the entity references another entity through a relationship marked with the PERSIST cascade strategy this procedure is applied to it also      The specification goes more into details  however  remembering them is not crucial as these details cover more or less exotic situations only   Merging entities  In comparison to persist  the description of the merge s behavior is not so simple  There is no main scenario  as it is in the case of persist  and a programmer must remember all scenarios in order to write a correct code  It seems to me that the JPA designers wanted to have some method whose primary concern would be handling detached entities  as the opposite to the persist method that deals with newly created entities primarily   The merge method s major task is to transfer the state from an unmanaged entity  passed as the argument  to its managed counterpart within the persistence context  This task  however  divides further into several scenarios which worsen the intelligibility of the overall method s behavior   Instead of repeating paragraphs from the JPA specification I have prepared a flow diagram that schematically depicts the behaviour of the merge method     So  when should I use persist and when merge   persist   You want the method always creates a new entity and never updates an entity  Otherwise  the method throws an exception as a consequence of primary key uniqueness violation  Batch processes  handling entities in a stateful manner  see Gateway pattern   Performance optimization   merge   You want the method either inserts or updates an entity in the database  You want to handle entities in a stateless manner  data transfer objects in services  You want to insert a new entity that may have a reference to another entity that may but may not be created yet  relationship must be marked MERGE   For example  inserting a new photo with a reference to either a new or a preexisting album

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The JPA specification says the following about persist        If X is a detached object  the EntityExistsException may be thrown when the persist   operation is invoked  or the EntityExistsException or another PersistenceException may be thrown at flush or commit time    So using persist   would be suitable when the object ought not to be a detached object  You might prefer to have the code throw the PersistenceException so it fails fast   Although the specification is unclear  persist   might set the  GeneratedValue  Id for an object  merge   however must have an object with the  Id already generated

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I found this explanation from the Hibernate docs enlightening  because they contain a use case      The usage and semantics of merge   seems to be confusing for new users  Firstly  as long as you are not trying to use object state loaded in one entity manager in another new entity manager  you should not need to use merge   at all  Some whole applications will never use this method       Usually merge   is used in the following scenario          The application loads an object in the first entity manager   the object is passed up to the presentation layer   some modifications are made to the object   the object is passed back down to the business logic layer   the application persists these modifications by calling merge   in a second entity manager         Here is the exact semantic of merge            if there is a managed instance with the same identifier currently associated with the persistence context  copy the state of the given object onto the managed instance   if there is no managed instance currently associated with the persistence context  try to load it from the database  or create a new managed instance   the managed instance is returned   the given instance does not become associated with the persistence context  it remains detached and is usually discarded      From  http   docs jboss org hibernate entitymanager 3 6 reference en html objectstate html

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I was getting lazyLoading exceptions on my entity because I was trying to access a lazy loaded collection that was in session   What I would do was in a separate request  retrieve the entity from session and then try to access a collection in my jsp page which was problematic   To alleviate this  I updated the same entity in my controller and passed it to my jsp  although I imagine when I re-saved in session that it will also be accessible though SessionScope and not throw a LazyLoadingException  a modification of example 2   The following has worked for me      scenario 2 MY WAY    tran starts e   new MyEntity    e   em merge e      re-assign to the same entity  e     access e from jsp and it will work dandy

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There are some more differences between merge and persist  I will enumerate again those already posted here    D1  merge does not make the passed entity managed  but rather returns another instance that is managed  persist on the other side will make the passed entity managed     MERGE  passedEntity remains unmanaged  but newEntity will be managed Entity newEntity   em merge passedEntity      PERSIST  passedEntity will be managed after this em persist passedEntity     D2  If you remove an entity and then decide to persist the entity back  you may do that only with persist    because merge will throw an IllegalArgumentException   D3  If you decided to take care manually of your IDs  e g by using UUIDs   then a merge  operation will trigger subsequent SELECT queries in order to look for existent entities with that ID  while persist may not need those queries   D4  There are cases when you simply do not trust the code that calls your code  and in order to make sure that no data is updated  but rather is inserted  you must use persist

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Scenario X   Table Spitter  One   Table  Spittles  Many   Spittles is Owner of the relationship with a FK spitter id   This scenario results in saving   The Spitter and both Spittles  as if owned by Same Spitter           Spitter spitter new Spitter          Spittle spittle3 new Spittle             spitter setUsername  George        spitter setPassword  test1234        spittle3 setSpittle  I love java 2               spittle3 setSpitter spitter                      dao addSpittle spittle3       lt --persist          Spittle spittle new Spittle        spittle setSpittle  I love java        spittle setSpitter spitter               dao saveSpittle spittle      lt -- merge     Scenario Y   This will save the Spitter  will save the 2 Spittles But they will not reference the same Spitter           Spitter spitter new Spitter          Spittle spittle3 new Spittle             spitter setUsername  George        spitter setPassword  test1234        spittle3 setSpittle  I love java 2               spittle3 setSpitter spitter                      dao save spittle3       lt --merge              Spittle spittle new Spittle        spittle setSpittle  I love java        spittle setSpitter spitter               dao saveSpittle spittle      lt -- merge

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persist entity  should be used with totally new entities  to add them to DB  if entity already exists in DB there will be EntityExistsException throw     merge entity  should be used  to put entity back to persistence context if the entity was detached and was changed   Probably persist is generating INSERT sql statement and merge UPDATE sql statement  but i m not sure

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Persist and merge are for two different purposes  they aren t alternatives at all     edited to expand differences information   persist     Insert a new register to the database Attach the object to the entity manager    merge     Find an attached object with the same id and update it   If exists update and return the already attached object  If doesn t exist insert the new register to the database    persist   efficiency    It could be more efficient for inserting a new register to a database than merge    It doesn t duplicates the original object    persist   semantics    It makes sure that you are inserting and not updating by mistake    Example         AnyEntity newEntity      AnyEntity nonAttachedEntity      AnyEntity attachedEntity          Create a new entity and persist it             newEntity   new AnyEntity        em persist newEntity           Save 1 to the database at next flush     newEntity setValue 1           Create a new entity with the same Id than the persisted one      AnyEntity nonAttachedEntity   new AnyEntity        nonAttachedEntity setId newEntity getId             Save 2 to the database at next flush instead of 1        nonAttachedEntity setValue 2       attachedEntity   em merge nonAttachedEntity           This condition returns true        merge has found the already attached object  newEntity  and returns it      if attachedEntity  newEntity                System out print  They are the same object                   Set 3 to value     attachedEntity setValue 3          Really  now both are the same object  Prints 3     System out println newEntity getValue             Modify the un attached object has no effect to the entity manager        nor to the other objects     nonAttachedEntity setValue 42       This way only exists 1 attached object for any register in the entity manager   merge   for an entity with an id is something like   AnyEntity myMerge AnyEntity entityToSave        AnyEntity attached   em find AnyEntity class  entityToSave getId         if attached  null                attached   new AnyEntity                em persist attached             BeanUtils copyProperties attached  entityToSave        return attached      Although if connected to MySQL merge   could be as efficient as persist   using a call to INSERT with ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE option  JPA is a very high level programming and you can t assume this is going to be the case everywhere

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You may have come here for advice on when to use persist and when to use merge  I think that it depends the situation  how likely is it that you need to create a new record and how hard is it to retrieve persisted data   Let s presume you can use a natural key identifier    Data needs to be persisted  but once in a while a record exists and an update is called for  In this case you could try a persist and if it throws an EntityExistsException  you look it up and combine the data   try   entityManager persist entity     catch EntityExistsException exception       retrieve and merge      Persisted data needs to be updated  but once in a while there is no record for the data yet  In this case you look it up  and do a persist if the entity is missing   entity   entityManager find key    if  entity    null    entityManager persist entity      else      merge        If you don t have natural key identifier  you ll have a harder time to figure out whether the entity exist or not  or how to look it up   The merges can be dealt with in two ways  too    If the changes are usually small  apply them to the managed entity  If changes are common  copy the ID from the persisted entity  as well as unaltered data  Then call  EntityManager  merge   to replace the old content

[jpa] JPA EntityManager: Why use persist() over merge()?

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