[linux] PostgreSQL database default location on Linux

I think best method is to query pg_setting view:

 select s.name, s.setting, s.short_desc from pg_settings s where s.name='data_directory';

Output:

      name      |        setting         |            short_desc
----------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------
 data_directory | /var/lib/pgsql/10/data | Sets the server's data directory.
(1 row)