Singletons vs Application Context in Android

Question

Recalling this post enumerating several problems of using singletons and having seen several examples of Android applications using singleton pattern  I wonder if it s a good idea to use Singletons instead of single instances shared through global application state  subclassing android os Application and obtaining it through context getApplication      What advantages drawbacks would both mechanisms have   To be honest  I expect the same answer in this post Singleton pattern with Web application  Not a good idea  but applied to Android  Am I correct  What s different in DalvikVM otherwise   EDIT  I would like to have opinions on several aspects involved    Synchronization Reusability Testing

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I had the same problem  Singleton or make a subclass android os Application   First I tried with the Singleton but my app at some point makes a call to the browser  Intent myIntent   new Intent Intent ACTION VIEW  Uri parse  http   www google com       and the problem is that  if the handset doesn t have enough memory  most of your classes  even Singletons  are cleaned to get some memory so  when returning from the browser to my app  it crashed everytime   Solution  put needed data inside a subclass of Application class

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My activity calls finish    which doesn t make it finish immediately  but will do eventually  and calls Google Street Viewer  When I debug it on Eclipse  my connection to the app breaks when Street Viewer is called  which I understand as the  whole  application being closed  supposedly to free up memory  as a single activity being finished shouldn t cause this behavior   Nevertheless  I m able to save state in a Bundle via onSaveInstanceState   and restore it in the onCreate   method of the next activity in the stack  Either by using a static singleton or subclassing Application I face the application closing and losing state  unless I save it in a Bundle   So from my experience they are the same with regards to state preservation  I noticed that the connection is lost in Android 4 1 2 and 4 2 2 but not on 4 0 7 or 3 2 4  which in my understanding suggests that the memory recovery mechanism has changed at some point

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Consider both at the same time    having singleton objects as static instances inside the classes  having a common class  Context  that returns the singleton instances for all the singelton objects in your application  which has the advantage that the method names in Context will be meaningful for example  context getLoggedinUser   instead of User getInstance      Furthermore  I suggest that you expand your Context to include not only access to singleton objects but some functionalities that need to be accessed globally  like for example  context logOffUser    context readSavedData    etc  Probably renaming the Context to Facade would make sense then

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I very much disagree with Dianne Hackborn s response  We are bit by bit removing all singletons from our project in favor of lightweight  task scoped objects which can easiliy be re-created when you actually need them   Singletons are a nightmare for testing and  if lazily initialized  will introduce  state indeterminism  with subtle side effects  which may suddenly surface when moving calls to getInstance   from one scope to another   Visibility has been mentioned as another problem  and since singletons imply  global     random  access to shared state  subtle bugs may arise when not properly synchronized in concurrent applications   I consider it an anti-pattern  it s a bad object-oriented style that essentially amounts to maintaining global state   To come back to your question   Although the app context can be considered a singleton itself  it is framework-managed and has a well defined life-cycle  scope  and access path  Hence I believe that if you do need to manage app-global state  it should go here  nowhere else  For anything else  rethink if you really need a singleton object  or if it would also be possible to rewrite your singleton class to instead instantiate small  short-lived objects that perform the task at hand

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My 2 cents   I did notice that some singleton   static fields were reseted when my activity was destroyed  I noticed this on some low end 2 3 devices   My case was very simple   I just have a private filed  init done  and a static method  init  that I called from activity onCreate    I notice that the method init was re-executing itself on some re-creation of the activity   While I cannot prove my affirmation  It may be related to WHEN the singleton class was created used first  When the activity get destroyed recycled  it seem that all class that only this activity refer are recycled too   I moved my instance of singleton to a sub class of Application  I acces them from the application instance  and  since then  did not notice the problem again   I hope this can help someone

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From the proverbial horse s mouth     When developing your app  you may find it necessary to share data  context or services globally across your app  For example  if your app has session data  such as the currently logged-in user  you will likely want to expose this information  In Android  the pattern for solving this problem is to have your android app Application instance own all global data  and then treat your Application instance as a singleton with static accessors to the various data and services   When writing an Android app  you re guaranteed to only have one instance of the android app Application class  and so it s safe  and recommended by Google Android team  to treat it as a singleton  That is  you can safely add a static getInstance   method to your Application implementation  Like so   public class AndroidApplication extends Application        private static AndroidApplication sInstance       public static AndroidApplication getInstance            return sInstance              Override     public void onCreate             super onCreate            sInstance   this

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They re actually the same  There s one difference I can see  With Application class you can initialize your variables in Application onCreate   and destroy them in Application onTerminate    With singleton you have to rely VM initializing and destroying statics

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Application is not the same as the Singleton The reasons are    Application s method such as onCreate  is called in the ui thread  singleton s method can be called in any thread  In the method  onCreate  of Application you can instantiate Handler  If the singleton is executed in none-ui thread you could not instantiate Handler  Application has the ability to manage the life cycle of the activities in the app It has the method  registerActivityLifecycleCallbacks  But the singletons has not the ability

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I very much recommend singletons   If you have a singleton that needs a context  have   MySingleton getInstance Context c                      needing to create         sInstance   new MySingleton c getApplicationContext         I prefer singletons over Application because it helps keep an app much more organized and modular -- instead of having one place where all of your global state across the app needs to be maintained  each separate piece can take care of itself   Also the fact that singletons lazily initialize  at request  instead of leading you down the path of doing all initialization up-front in Application onCreate   is good   There is nothing intrinsically wrong with using singletons   Just use them correctly  when it makes sense   The Android framework actually has a lot of them  for it to maintain per-process caches of loaded resources and other such things   Also for simple applications multithreading doesn t become an issue with singletons  because by design all standard callbacks to the app are dispatched on the main thread of the process so you won t have multi-threading happening unless you introduce it explicitly through threads or implicitly by publishing a content provider or service IBinder to other processes   Just be thoughtful about what you are doing

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From  Developer   reference - Application     There is normally no need to subclass Application  In most situation    static singletons can provide the same functionality in a more modular   way  If your singleton needs a global context  for example to register   broadcast receivers   the function to retrieve it can be given a   Context which internally uses Context getApplicationContext   when   first constructing the singleton

[java] Singletons vs. Application Context in Android?

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