I know there are many other answers, but here is another way to do it using the sort and rle functions. The function rle stands for Run Length Encoding. It can be used for counts of runs of numbers (see the R man docs on rle), but can also be applied here.
test.data = rep(c(1, 2, 2, 2), 25)
rle(sort(test.data))
## Run Length Encoding
## lengths: int [1:2] 25 75
## values : num [1:2] 1 2
If you capture the result, you can access the lengths and values as follows:
## rle returns a list with two items.
result.counts <- rle(sort(test.data))
result.counts$lengths
## [1] 25 75
result.counts$values
## [1] 1 2