This answer still comes up high in the list for ORA-12899 and lot of non helpful comments above, even if they are old. The most helpful comment was #4 for any professional trying to find out why they are getting this when loading data.
Some characters are more than 1 byte in length, especially true on SQL Server. And what might fit in a varchar(20) in SQLServer won't fit into a similar varchar2(20) in Oracle.
I ran across this error yesterday with SSIS loading an Oracle database with the Attunity drivers and thought I would save folks some time.