Had the same exact error on WinXP box with latest build of my .NET 4 code. Checked previous builds - now they crash too! Ok, so it's not me :). No suggestions here/above helped.
Much more recent (2018-05-09) report of the same problem: Application Crash with exit code 80131506.
A: We were receiving a similar error, but we believe ours was caused by the Citrix memory optimizer.
The resolution was to force a regeneration of the .Net core libraries on the host(s) where the issue was occurring:
C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\ngen.exe update /force
Root cause is still unknown (machine is not being updated and has little use), but that did it for me!