You can use <CTRL-V><Tab>
in "insert mode". In insert mode, <CTRL-V>
inserts a literal copy of your next character.
If you need to do this often, @Dee`Kej suggested (in the comments) setting Shift+Tab to insert a real tab with this mapping:
:inoremap <S-Tab> <C-V><Tab>
Also, as noted by @feedbackloop, on Windows you may need to press <CTRL-Q>
rather than <CTRL-V>
.