pmg is spot on about encapsulation; beyond hiding the function from other translation units (or rather, because of it), making functions static can also confer performance benefits in the presence of compiler optimizations.
Because a static function cannot be called from anywhere outside of the current translation unit (unless the code takes a pointer to its address), the compiler controls all the call points into it.
This means that it is free to use a non-standard ABI, inline it entirely, or perform any number of other optimizations that might not be possible for a function with external linkage.
Looking at the posts above I would like to give a more clarified answer:
Suppose our main.c file looks like this:
#include "header.h"
int main(void) {
FunctionInHeader();
}
Now consider three cases:
Case 1:
Our header.h file looks like this:
#include <stdio.h>
static void FunctionInHeader();
void FunctionInHeader() {
printf("Calling function inside header\n");
}
Then the following command on linux:
gcc main.c -o main
will succeed! That's because after the main.c file includes the header.h, the static function definition will be in the same main.c file (more precisely, in the same translation unit) to where it's called.
If one runs ./main, the output will be Calling function inside header, which is what that static function should print.
Case 2: Our header header.h looks like this:
static void FunctionInHeader();
and we also have one more file header.c, which looks like this:
#include <stdio.h>
#include "header.h"
void FunctionInHeader() {
printf("Calling function inside header\n");
}
Then the following command
gcc main.c header.c -o main
will give an error. In this case main.c includes only the declaration of the static function, but the definition is left in another translation unit and the static keyword prevents the code defining a function to be linked
Case 3:
Similar to case 2, except that now our header header.h file is:
void FunctionInHeader(); // keyword static removed
Then the same command as in case 2 will succeed, and further executing ./main will give the expected result. Here the FunctionInHeader definition is in another translation unit, but the code defining it can be linked.
Thus, to conclude:
static keyword prevents the code defining a function to be linked,
when that function is defined in another translation unit than where it is called.
pmg's answer is very convincing. If you would like to know how static declarations work at object level then this below info could be interesting to you. I reused the same program written by pmg and compiler it into a .so(shared object) file
Following contents are after dumping the .so file into something human readable
0000000000000675 f1: address of f1 function
000000000000068c f2: address of f2(staticc) function
note the difference in the function address , it means something . For a function that's declared with different address , it can very well signify that f2 lives very far away or in a different segment of the object file.
Linkers use something called PLT(Procedure linkage table) and GOT(Global offsets table) to understand symbols that they have access to link to .
For now think that GOT and PLT magically bind all the addresses and a dynamic section holds information of all these functions that are visible by linker.
After dumping the dynamic section of the .so file we get a bunch of entries but only interested in f1 and f2 function.
The dynamic section holds entry only for f1 function at address 0000000000000675 and not for f2 !
Num: Value Size Type Bind Vis Ndx Name
9: 0000000000000675 23 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 11 f1
And thats it !. From this its clear that the linker will be unsuccessful in finding the f2 function since its not in the dynamic section of the .so file.
C programmers use the static attribute to hide variable and function declarations inside modules, much as you would use public and private declarations in Java and C++. C source files play the role of modules. Any global variable or function declared with the static attribute is private to that module. Similarly, any global variable or function declared without the static attribute is public and can be accessed by any other module. It is good programming practice to protect your variables and functions with the static attribute wherever possible.
When there is a need to restrict access to some functions, we'll use the static keyword while defining and declaring a function.
/* file ab.c */
static void function1(void)
{
puts("function1 called");
}
And store the following code in another file ab1.c
/* file ab1.c */
int main(void)
{
function1();
getchar();
return 0;
}
/* in this code, we'll get a "Undefined reference to function1".Because function 1 is declared static in file ab.c and can't be used in ab1.c */
The static keyword in C is used in a compiled file (.c as opposed to .h) so that the function exists only in that file.
Normally, when you create a function, the compiler generates cruft the linker can use to, well, link a function call to that function. If you use the static keyword, other functions within the same file can call this function (because it can be done without resorting to the linker), while the linker has no information letting other files access the function.
Source: Stackoverflow.com