The problem is that (as of 2016), for the password field, Firefox and Internet Explorer use the character "Black Circle" (?), which uses the Unicode code point 25CF, but Chrome uses the character "Bullet" (•), which uses the Unicode code point 2022.
As you can see, even in the StackOverflow font the two characters have different sizes.
The font you're using, "Lucida Sans Unicode", has an even greater disparity between the sizes of these two characters, leading to you noticing the difference.
The simple solution is to use a font in which both characters have similar sizes.
The fix could thus be to use a default font of the browser, which should render the characters in the password field just fine:
input[type="password"] {
font-family: caption;
}