Unless you unpack them, assets remain inside the apk. Accordingly, there isn't a path you can feed into a File. The path you've given in your question will work with/in a WebView, but I think that's a special case for WebView.
You'll need to unpack the file or use it directly.
If you have a Context, you can use context.getAssets().open("myfoldername/myfilename");
to open an InputStream on the file. With the InputStream you can use it directly, or write it out somewhere (after which you can use it with File).