For paths greater than 260:
you can use:
Get-ChildItem | Where-Object {$_.FullName.Length -gt 260}
Example on 14 chars:
To view the paths lengths:
Get-ChildItem | Select-Object -Property FullName, @{Name="FullNameLength";Expression={($_.FullName.Length)}
Get paths greater than 14:
Get-ChildItem | Where-Object {$_.FullName.Length -gt 14}
Screenshot:
For filenames greater than 10:
Get-ChildItem | Where-Object {$_.PSChildName.Length -gt 10}
Screenshot: